CCNA

RIP
Routing Information Protocol

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

ICT Department
ATVI
 Distance Vector Protocols

• The algorithm of distance routing protocols send the

complete routing table contents to its neighbors ,
which then combines with the routing info of their own
routing tables, this is called routing by RUMOR,
because the router receives the information from the
neighbor about the remote network and believe that
information without finding by itself.
• If there are multiple paths to the remote network, then
the AD value is checked
• Examples of DV Protocols: RIP and IGRP

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

Figure : The internetwork with Distance-Vector Routing

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

Figure : Converged Routing Table

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 Routing Loops

• Distance vector protocols broadcast the entire routing table

when any changes occurs in the internetwork to all the
neighbor routers.
• This seems to be expensive in terms of CPU usage.
• The convergence in the distance vector protocols is slow, may
result in inconsistence routing tables and routing loops
• Routing loops can happen because every router is not
updated simultaneously

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

Routing Loops

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 Routing Loops Solutions

• Maximum Hop count (Max 16)

 After 15 hops, the network is considered as DOWN

• Split Horizon
 Routing info can not be send back to the router from which its
received

• Route Poisoning
 When a network goes down, the routers send the router poison
message (hop 16) which show that its down

• Hold Downs
 Its prevents the sending of routing info about the routers that
rapidly changes to DOWN and UP

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 RIP Characteristics

• A classful Distance Vector (DV) routing protocol

• It uses the Metric as hop count
• The AD of RIP is 120
• RIP is used in small networks only
• Routes with a hop count > 15 are unreachable
• Updates are broadcasted every 30 seconds
• RIP can perform load balancing for up to 6 equal-cost links

(4 by default)
• RIP has two versions
• RIPv1

• RIPv2
Ali Mohammad Masoomi
 RIP uses two message types

• Request message
• This is sent out on startup by each RIP enabled interface

• Requests all RIP enabled neighbors to send routing table

• Response message
• Message sent to requesting router containing routing table

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 RIP Routing Update Process

 RIP sends routing-update messages at regular intervals and when the

network topology changes. When a router receives a routing update
that includes changes to an entry, it updates its routing table to
reflect the new route.
 The metric value for the path is increased by 1, and the sender is
indicated as the next hop. RIP routers maintain only the best route
(the route with the lowest metric value) to a destination. After
updating its routing table, the router immediately begins transmitting
routing updates to inform other network routers of the change. These
updates are sent independently of the regularly scheduled updates
that RIP routers send.

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 RIP Routing Metric

 RIP uses a single routing metric (hop count) to measure the distance
between the source and a destination network.
 Each hop in a path from source to destination is assigned a hop
count value, which is typically 1.
 When a router receives a routing update that contains a new or
changed destination network entry, the router adds 1 to the metric
value indicated in the update and enters the network in the routing
table. The IP address of the sender is used as the next hop.

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 RIP Timers

• Route update timer: Sets the interval (typically 30 seconds) between

periodic routing updates in which the router sends a complete copy of
its routing table out to all neighbors.

• Route invalid timer: Determines the length of time that must elapse
(180 seconds) before a router determines that a route has become
invalid.

• Route flush timer: Sets the time between a route becoming invalid
and its removal from the routing table (240 seconds). Before it’s
removed from the table, the router notifies its neighbors of that route’s
death.

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 Enabling RIP

• To enable the RIP routing process, perform the following step:

Command Purpose
Router rip This starts the RIP routing process and
places you in router configuration mode.
Example:
R1(config)# router rip

• Use the no router rip command to remove entire RIP

configuration you have enabled. Once this is cleared, you must
reconfigure RIP again using the router rip command.

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 Configuring RIP

• After you enable the RIP routing process, you must define the
interfaces that will participate in that routing process using
the network command. By default, the router sends RIP
Version 1 updates and accepts RIP Version 1 and Version 2
updates.

Command Purpose
Network network_address This step specifies the interfaces that will
participate in the RIP routing process.
Example: If an interface belongs to a network
R1(config)# router rip defined by this command, the interface will
R1(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 participate in the RIP routing process. If an
interface does not belong to a network
defined by this command, it will not send
or receive RIP updates.

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 Configuring RIP
• You can customize an interface to participate in RIP routing.

Command Purpose
version [ 1 | 2 ] Specifies the version of RIP used by the
router.
Example: You can override this setting on a per-
R1(config-router)# version 2 interface basis

Passive-interface [default | This step specifies an interface to operate

interface name] in passive mode.
Using the default keyword causes all
Example: interfaces to operate in passive mode.
R1(config-router)# passive- Specifying an interface name sets only
interface serial 2/0 that interface to passive RIP mode. In
passive mode, RIP routing updates are
accepted by, but not sent out of, the
specified interface. You can enter this
command for each interface that you want
to set to passive mode.

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 RIP Configuration

R1(config)# router rip

R1(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0

R1(config-router)# network 192.168.20.0 Directly connected

networks
R1(config-router)# network 192.168.30.0

R1(config-router)# network 192.168.40.0

R1(config-router)# do show ip route

R1(config-router)# passive-interface serial 2/0

R1(config-router)# network 0.0.0.0

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 RIP Routing Verification

R1# show ip route

R1# show ip route rip

R1# show ip protocols

R1# show ip interface brief

R1# ping

Note: RIPv1 is used only in classful network, means that

all devices must use the default subnet mask.

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 RIPv2

• This is similar to RIPv1 with little differences.

• Both versions have the AD of 120, both are distance vector
protocols.

RIPv1 RIPv2
Distance Vector Distance Vector

Max hop count of 15 Max hop count of 15

Classful Classless

Broadcast based Multicast Based 224.0.0.9

No Support for VLSM Support for VLSM

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 RIPv2 Configuration

R1(config)#router rip

R1(config-router)#version 2

R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0

R1(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.30.0

R1(config-router)#network 192.168.40.0

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 IGRP
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 IGRP

• It’s a Cisco proprietary distance vector routing protocol,

means when you use IGRP, all the routers in the network
must be Cisco routers.
• RIP and OSPF are open standards, means that all the routers
from all companies support these protocols.
• IGRP uses the max of 255 hops (default is 100) which solves
the problems with 15 hops in large networks by RIP
• IGRP uses the metric as Bandwidth and Delay of the line by
default , but Reliability, Load and MTU can also be used.
• Send the full routing info every 90 seconds

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 Diff Between RIP and IGRP

• The main difference between RIP and IGRP is that all the
Routers that share the same routing table in IGRP must have
the same Autonomous System (AS) number, while in RIP
such thing is not available.
• Cisco does not support IGRP anymore

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

Diff Between RIP and IGRP

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

 k s
a n
T h

Ali Mohammad Masoomi 24