TCP/IP and
OSI Model

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 Key Difference Between
1 TCP/IP and OSI Model
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OSI has 7 layers, whereas TCP/IP has 4 layers.
The OSI Model is a logical and conceptual model that
defines network communication used by systems open to
interconnection and communication with other systems.
On the other hand, TCP/IP helps you to determine how a
specific computer should be connected to the internet
and how you can be transmitted between them.
• OSI header is 5 bytes, whereas TCP/IP header size is 20
bytes.
• OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection, whereas
TCP/IP refers to Transmission Control Protocol. 3
• OSI follows a vertical approach, whereas TCP/IP
follows a horizontal approach.
• OSI model, the transport layer, is only connection-
oriented, whereas the TCP/IP model is both
connection-oriented and connectionless.
• OSI model is developed by ISO (International
Standard Organization), whereas TCP Model is
developed by ARPANET (Advanced Research Project
Agency Network).
• OSI model helps you to standardize router, switch,
motherboard, and other hardware, whereas TCP/IP
helps you to establish a connection between
different types of computers. 4
What is OSI
Model?

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 The OSI Model is a logical and conceptual
model that defines network communication
used by systems open to interconnection and
communication with other systems. The Open
System Interconnection (OSI Model) also
defines a logical network and effectively
describes computer packet transfer by using
various layers of protocols.
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 What is
TCP/IP Model?

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 TCP/IP helps you to determine how a specific
computer should be connected to the internet
and how you can transmit data between them. It
helps you to create a virtual network when
multiple computer networks are connected
together.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control

Protocol/ Internet Protocol. It is specifically
designed as a model to offer highly reliable and
end-to-end byte stream over an unreliable
internetwork. 8
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 History of History of
OSI Model TCP/IP
Here are some important landmarks Here are some important landmarks from the
from the history of the OSI model: history of TCP/IP:
• In the late 1970s, the ISO conducted • In 1974, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn published
a paper “A Protocol for Packet Network
a program to develop general Interconnection” which describes the
standards and methods of TCP/IP Model.
networking. • By 1978, testing and further development
• In 1973, an Experimental Packet of this language led to a new suite of
Switched System in the UK identified protocols called TCP/IP.
the requirement for defining the • In 1982, it was decided that TCP/IP should
higher-level protocols. be replaced NCP as the standard language
of the ARPAnet.
• In the year 1983, the OSI model was • On January 1, 1983, ARPAnet switched
initially intended to be a detailed over to TCP/IP,
specification of actual interfaces. • ARPAnet finished its existence in 1990. The
• In 1984, the OSI architecture was Internet has since grown from ARPAnet’s
formally adopted by ISO as an roots, and TCP/IP evolved to meet the10
international standard. changing requirements of the Internet.
 Characteristics of the OSI Model
Here are some important characteristics of the OSI model:
• A layer should only be created where the definite levels of abstraction are
needed.
• The function of each layer should be selected as per the internationally
standardized protocols.
• The number of layers should be large so that separate functions should
not be put in the same layer. At the same time, it should be small enough
so that architecture doesn’t become very complicated.
• In the OSI model, each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform
primitive functions. Every level should able to provide services to the
next higher layer.
• Changes made in one layer should not need changes in other lavers.
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 Characteristics TCP/IP Model
Here are the essential characteristics of the TCP/IP
protocol:
• Support for a flexible architecture
• Adding more systems to a network is easy.
• In TCP/IP, the network remains intact until the source
and destination machines were functioning properly.
• TCP is a connection-oriented protocol.
• TCP offers reliability and ensures that data which
arrives out of sequence should put back into order.
• TCP allows you to implement flow control, so the
sender never overpowers a receiver with data. 12
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 Advantages of the OSI Model
Here are the major benefits/pros of using the OSI model:
• It helps you to standardize router, switch, motherboard, and other
hardware
• Reduces complexity and standardizes interfaces
• Facilitates modular engineering
• Helps you to ensure interoperable technology
• Helps you to accelerate the evolution
• Protocols can be replaced by new protocols when technology
changes.
• Provide support for connection-oriented services as well as
connectionless service.
• It is a standard model in computer networking.
• Supports connectionless and connection-oriented services.
• It offers flexibility to adapt to various types of protocols. 14
 Advantages of TCP/IP
Here, are pros/benefits of using the TCP/IP model:
• It helps you to establish/set up a connection between different types
of computers.
• It operates independently of the operating system.
• It supports many routing-protocols.
• It enables the internetworking between the organizations.
• TCP/IP model has a highly scalable client-server architecture.
• It can be operated independently.
• Supports several routing protocols.
• It can be used to establish a connection between two computers.
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 Disadvantages of OSI Model
Here are some cons/ drawbacks of using OSI Model:
• Fitting of protocols is a tedious task.
• You can only use it as a reference model.
• It doesn’t define any specific protocol.
• In the OSI network layer model, some services are
duplicated in many layers such as the transport and
data link layers
• Layers can’t work in parallel as each layer need to
wait to obtain data from the previous layer. 16
Disadvantages of TCP/IP
Here, are few drawbacks of using the TCP/IP model:
⬥ TCP/IP is a complicated model to set up and
manage.
⬥ The shallow/overhead of TCP/IP is higher-than IPX
(Internetwork Packet Exchange).
⬥ In this, model the transport layer does not
guarantee delivery of packets.
⬥ Replacing protocol in TCP/IP is not easy.
⬥ It has no clear separation from its services,
interfaces, and protocols. 17
THANK
S!

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