LAXATIVES

ALOE
RHUBARB
CASCARA
ISPAGHULA

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 1

 ALOE RHUBARB CASCARA ASPAGHULA

BIOLOGIC Aloe is the dried juice collected by Rhubarb consists Cascara is the dried Ispaghula consists of
AL incision, from the bases of the peeled bark of Rhamnus dried seeds of
SOURCE of the leaves of various species of Aloe. dried rhizomes purshiana DC., Plantago ovata
and roots of belonging to family Forskal,
Rheum Rhamnaceae. belonging to family
palmatum Linn., It is collected at least Plantaginaece
belonging to one year before use.
belonging to family Liliaceae family
Polygonaceae

Californian Buckthorn,
East Indian Cascara Buckthorn, Ispaghula, Ispagol,
Rhubarb, China Cascara Sagrada, Ishabgula, Spongel
Rhubarb, Turkey Kaskara Sakrada, seeds.
Rhubarb Kasukarasakurada,
Pursh’s Buckthorn,
Sacred Bark, Chittem
SYNONYM Bark.

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c.c ALOE RHUBARB CASCARA ISPAGHULA

• The most important • Rhubarb contains free anthraquinones,

constituents of Aloes are the their glycosides, reduced derivatives,
three isomers of Aloins, anthrones, or dianthrone and
Barbaloin, β-barboloin and heterodianthrones.
Isobarbaloin, which constitute • The anthraquinones of rhubarb are
the so-called ‘crystalline’ chrysophanol,aloe-emodin, emodin,
Aloin, present in the drug at physcion and rhein.
from 10 to 30%. • Anthrones or dianthrones are of
• Other constituents are chrysophanol, emodin and aloe-emodin.
amorphous Aloin, resin, • It also contains tannoid constituents,
emodin and Aloe-emodin. starch and calcium oxalate.
• Barbaloin is present in all the • also several resinous matters, one of
varieties. which, Phaoretin, is purgative, and
• Isobarbaloin is present in mineral compounds are also present.
Curacao aloe and in trace The astringency of Rhubarb is due to a
amount in Cape aloe and peculiar tannic acid (Rheo-
absent in Socotrine and tannic), which is soluble in water and
Zanzibar aloe. alcohol.
• The chief constituents of
Socotrine and Zanzibar aloe
are Barbaloin and β-
Barbaloin.
20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 3
ALOE RHUBAR CASCARA ISAPGHULA
B
• Cascara bark contains 80–90% of C-glycosides • Ispaghula seeds contain about
and 10–20% O-glycosides. 10% mucilage which is present
• The C-glycosides present in cascara are aloin or in the epidermis of testa.
barbaloin and 11-deoxyaloin or chrysaloin. • Mucilage consists of two
Cascarosides A and B are the primary glycosides complex polysaccharides, of
of aloin and cascarosides C and D are primary which one is soluble in cold
glycosides of chrysaloin. water and the other soluble in
• Cascara also contains chrysaloin and barbaloins, hot water.
dianthrones of emodin,aloe-emodin, • Chemically it is pentosan and
chrysophanol; heterodianthrones like Palmidins aldobionic acid.
A, B and C, free emodin, aloe-emodin and a • Pentosan on hydrolysis yields
bitter Lactone. xylose and arabinose.
• Apart from glycosides it also contains fat, • aldobionic acid yields
starch ,glucose, volatile odorous oil, malic and galactouronic acid and
tannic acids. rhamnose.
• Fresh cascara bark contains anthranol derivatives • Protein and fixed oil are present
which have griping; and emetic properties and in endosperm and embryo.
after storage for one Year, anthranol derivatives
are oxidized to anthraquinone derivatives and
bark loses irritant properties.

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c.t ALOE RHUBARB CASCARA ISAPGHULA

Boil 1 gm of drug with 100 ml water, allow it 1. Rhubarb It gives red 1. Ispaghula seeds when
to cool; add 1gm kieselguhr, stir it well and powder when colour with treated with ruthenium
filter through filter paper. treated with 5% red give
1. Borax Test: Take 10 ml of aloe solution and to ammonia pink potassium red colour due to the
it add 0.5gm of borax and heat; a green colour is hydroxide presence of mucilage.
coloured fluorescence is produced indicating produced. solu-
the presence of aloe-emodin anthranol. 2. With a tion.
2. Modified Anthraquinone Test: To 0.1 gm of solution of 5% 2. Add water to few seeds
CHEMICA drug, 5 ml of 5% solution of ferric chloride is potassium on a slide, mucilage
L TEST added followed by the addition of 5 ml dilute hydroxide it comes
hydrochloric acid. The mixture gives out and forms zone
is heated on water bath for 5–6 min and cooled. blood red surrounding the seeds.
An organic solvent (benzene or chloroform) is colour.
added and shaken. Separate the organic solvent
layer and add an equal volume of dilute
ammonia. The ammoniacal layer produces
pinkish red colour.
3. Bromine Test: To 5 ml of aloe solution, add
equal volume of bromine solution; bulky yellow
precipitate is formed due to the presence of
tetrabromaloin.

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 ALOE RHUBAR CASCAR ISAPGHULA
B A

4. Nitrous Acid Test: To 5 ml of aloe solution, add little • 3. Swelling factor: 1

of sodium nitrite and few drops of dilute acetic acid it g of the drug is put
produces Pink or purplish colour. Zanzibar and in a measuring
socotrine aloes give negative test. cylinder of 25 ml
5. Nitric Acid Test: 2 ml of concentrated nitric acid is capacity and 20 ml
added to 5 ml of aloe solution; Curacao aloe givesdeep water is added.
reddish-brown colour, Socotrine aloe gives pale • It is shaken
yellowish-brown colour, Zanzibar aloe gives yellowish- periodically for first
brown colour and Cape aloe first produces brown 23 h and kept for
colour which on standing changes to green. one more hour.
6. Cupraloin Test: 1 ml of the aloe solution is diluted to 5 • The volume
ml with water and to it 1 drop of copper sulphate occupied by the
solution is added. Bright yellow colour is produced drug is called
which on addition of 10 drops of saturated solution of swelling factor.
sodium chloride changes to purple and the colour • Swelling factor of
persist if 15–20 drops of 90% alcohol is added. This ispaghula seeds is
test is positive for Curocao aloe, faint for Cape aloe 10–13
and negative for Zanzibar and Socotrine aloes.

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 6

 ALOE RHUBARB

• The plant prefers light (sandy) and • prefers medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils,
medium(loamy) soils, requires well-drained requires
soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. • The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic soils.
• It cannot grow in the shade. • The plant grows at an altitude of 2,500–4,000 m.
• They are xerophytic plant. • It requires moist soil
• Seeds are sown in the spring in a warm green • Seeds are sown in autumn in a shaded cold
house. frame.
• The seed usually germinates in 1–6 months at • seedlings are pricked out and transferred into
16°C. individual pots and allowed to grow them on in
CULTIV • The seedlings are transferred to the pots the green house or cold frame for their first
ATION containing well-drained soil.. winter, then they are transplanted out in the
AND • The offsets will be available, usually in spring
COLLE spring. • Drug is collected in autumn in September or
• Young offsets are planted in the soil after the October from 6 to 15 years old plants.
CTION rainy season in rows situated at a distance of • Large rhizomes are made flats by making cut
60 cm. into longitudinal slices.
• The leaves are cut near the base, kept inside • In absence of the required climatic conditions the
of kerosene tins and taken them to a central drugs are dried artificially heated stones, which
place for the preparation of aloe. are previously heated by woodfire. Drug dried in
• In a single incision mucilage cells exert this way is called high dried
pressure on pericycle cells and the entire juice
from the leaves is drained out.

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 7

ALOE RHUBARB CASCARA ISAPGHULA
• It is an evergreen tree growing to 6–12 m in height. • Isabgol seeds are sown in the
• The plant prefers sandy, loamy and clay soils. month of November by
• It is cultivated using different techniques like sowing seeds, • broadcasting method. Well-
cuttings and layering. drained loamy soil with a pH
• Seeds are sown in the autumn in a cold frame. of 7.5–8.5, cool and dry
• Stored seed will require 1–2 months cold stratification at climate is suitable for its
about 5°C and should be sown as early in the year as possible growth.
in a cold frame or outdoor seed bed. • Ammonium sulphate is also
• Seedlings are transferred to the pots and then they are added as a fertilizer.
transplanted in late spring or early summer of the following year. • Good water supply to the
• To save the destruction of this species nowadays it is collected plants is to be provided at 8–
by coppicing method. 10 days interval, seven to
• Bark is collected from 9 to 15 years old trees. eight times.
• During drying the outer bark is protected from moisture and rains • The fruits are collected in the
and inner bark is protected from direct sunlight. month of March/April after
• Moisture leads to mould due to the sunlight bark becomes,black the fruits are completely
colour. mature and ripe.
• After complete drying the bark is made in to small pieces that • The fruits are then dried
form squill. • and the seeds separated.
• It should be harvested in the autumn or spring at least 12 months
before it is used medicinally, in order to allow the more violent
purgative effect to be modified with age.

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 8

 ALOE RHUBARB CASCARA ISPAGHULA

Aloes are indigenous to East It is mainly found in E. It is indigenous to Ispaghula is an annual

and South Africa, but have Asia, N.W. China in North America, British herb cultivated in India
been introduced into the West Yunnan, W. Columbia, in Gujarat,Maharastra,
Indies and into tropical Sichuan, E. Xizang and Canada and Kenya. Punjab and in some
countries, and will even Gansu, Thibet and parts of Rajasthan and
flourish in the countries India. Sindh Province of
Geographical bordering on the Pakistan.
Source Mediterranean. It is cultivated
extensively
around Sidhpur in
north Gujarat.

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 9

 ALOE RHUBARB cascara ISPAGHULA

• Chinese or Turkey Rhubarb • The drug mostly occurs in • Colour ; Pinkish gray to
occurs in commerce in quilled, channeled or incurved brown
brownish-yellow pieces of of varying lengths and sizes. • Odour ;None
• usually 20 cm long and 1–4 • Taste ;Mucilaginous
various sizes, usually
mm thick, smooth or nearly so • Shape ;Ovate, boat
perforated, the holes often externally, covered with a shaped, cymbiform
containing a portion of the greyish-white layer, which is • Size; 1.5–3.5 mm long, 1–
cord used to hang the sections usually easily removed, and 1.8 mm wide.
of the root on during drying. frequently marked with spots • Weight of 100 seeds 0.15–
• The outer surface is generally or patches of adherent 0.19 g
CHARACTERIS powdery (the bark having lichens. • Appearance;Seeds are
TICS been removed) and shows a • Beneath the surface it is hard, translucent and
network of white lines. violet-brown, reddish-brown smooth,
or brownish, and internally a • the dorsal (convex
• The taste is astringent and pale yellowish-brown and surface) consist of a small
nauseous. nearly smooth. elongated glossy reddish
• characteristic odour. • Fracture is short and brown spot at the centre
granulanar in the outer part • while the ventral (concave
and fibrous in the phloem. surface)
• It has no marked odour, • has a cavity having nil urn
• but a nauseous, bitter taste. covered with a thin
whitish membrane

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 10

 ALOE RHUBARB CASCARA ISPAGHULA
• The drug Aloes is one of the • The root is anticholesterolemic, • Cascara sagrada is widely • Ispaghula seeds
safest and stimulating antiseptic, antispasmodic, used as a gentle laxative.. are used as an
purgatives antitumor, aperient, astringent, • It is considered suitable excellent
• in higher doses may act as cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, for delicate and elderly
demulcent and
abortifacient. laxative, purgative, stomachic persons and is very useful
• Its action is exerted mainly and tonic in cases of chronic bulk laxative in
on the large intestine; also it • When taken in small doses, it constipation. chronic
is useful as a vermifuge. acts as an astringent tonic to • The bark also has tonic constipation
• The plant is emmenagogue, the digestive system, whilst properties, promot- • It is also useful in
emollient, stimulant, larger doses act as a mild • ing gastric digestion and dysentery, chronic
stomachic, tonic and laxative. appetite. diarrhoea, in cases
USES vulnerary. • The root is taken internally in the • it is taken internally in of duodenal ulcers
• Extracts of the plant have treatment of chronic the treatment of digestive and piles.
antibacterial activity. constipation, diarrhea, liver and complaints,
• The clear gel of the leaf gall bladder complaints, haemorrhoids, liver • It works
makes an excellent treatment hemorrhoids, menstrual problems and jaundice. effectively as a
for wounds, burns and other problems and skin eruptions due soothing agent.
skin disorders, placing a to an accumulation of toxins.
protective coat over the • Externally, the root is used in the
affected area, speeding up treatment of burns.
the rate of healing and
reducing the risk of infection.

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 11

 ALOE RHUBARB CASCARA ISPAGHULA

A. candelsbmm (Natal Indian rhubarb R. alnifolia, P. lanceolata

aloes) is dull greenish black chinese R. crocea, P. Asiatica
to dull R. californica P. Arenaria
brown in colour, opaque. R.fallax Salvia aegyptica
When scraped it gives a . P. media
pale Greyish green or a
yellow powder.
ADULTE It can be distinguished
RANTS as it gives negative test to
borax test and produces a BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ARE
deep
blue colour. LIKE BUSES. THERE'S ALWAYS
Jafferabad aloes and the ANOTHER ONE COMING.​
Mocha aloes are the
other two type of aloe
which is used as adulterant. Richard Branson

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 12

 ALOE RHUBARB CASCARA ISAPGHULA

It is one of the ingredients of It is one of the It is one of the Sat Isabgol, Trifgol by
the preparations known ingredients of the ingredients of the Dabur, Sat-Isabgol by
as Diabecon, Evecare preparation known as preparations known as Dr Morepen.
(Himalaya Drug Company), Diet Master Herb Herbal Laxative
Mensonorm (Chirayu Tea (Health King (Trophic Canada Ltd.).
MARKETED Pharma) and Kumari Enterprise and Bal-
PRODUCTS Asava anceuticals Group,
(Baidyanath). Inc.).

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 13

Curacoa aloe socotrine zanzibar cape

• Opaque • Opaque • Zanzibar Aloes often

• varies in colour from • it is yellow-brown to very closely resembles
bright yellowish or rich dark-brown in colour Curacoa in
reddish brown to black • appearance
• ‘Capey Barbados • taste is bitter
• Curacoa Aloes possesses • bitter taste
the nauseous and bitter • (Much of the dry
• taste drug is characterized • pleasant odour
• disagreeable,penetrating by the presence of
odour. small cavities in the
• It is almost entirely soluble fractured surface;it is
in 60% alcohol and yellow-brown to
contains not more than dark-brown in colour
30% of substances and opaque.)
insoluble in water and 12%
of moisture • Fracture is irregular • dull, waxy fracture,
and porous differing from that of
• It should not yield more Socotrine Aloes in
than 3% of ash. being nearly smooth
• The fracture is waxy and even.

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 14

 INDIAN RHUBARB CHINESE
• It consists of the dried rhizomes and roots • It is obtained from Rheum rhaponticum
of R. emodi andR. webbianum. • Its odour is sweet.
• R. emodi is a stout herb. • The transverse surface shows a radiate structure, with
• The characteristic odour of the essential concentric rings of paler and darker colour and a
oil is due to the presence of eugenol. diffuse ring of star spots.
• Indian rhubarb contains a number of • The centre may be hollow
anthraquinone derivatives based on • contains a glycoside, rhaponticin, which is a stilbene
emodin, emodin-3-monomethyl (diphenylethylene) derivative.
ether(physcion), chrysophanol, aloe- • Rhaponticin and desoxyrhaponticin
emodin and rhein. • One is the glucoside glucochrysaron.
RHUBARB • These occur free and as quinone, • It also contains 3,3’,4’-5-tetrahydroxystilbene
anthrone or dianthrone glycoside.
• The astringent principle consists of gallic • Test for Rhapontic rhubarb: An extract of 0.5 g of
acid, present as glucogallin, along with powder with 10 ml of 45% alcohol for 20 min is
tannin and catechin. prepared. Place one drop of the filtrate on a filter
• The drug also contains cinnamic and paper. When examined in ultra violet light, the spot
rheinolic acids, volatile oil, starch and shows no blue colour with official Rhubarb but a
calcium oxalate. Free chrysophanic acid, distinct blue fluorescence; if Rhapontic rhubarb is
sennoside A and sennoside B are also present. The colour is intensified by exposure to
present. ammonia vapour. Its alcoholic extract on filter paper
shows a distinct blue fluorescence in U.V. light due to
rhaponticin
20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 15
 CASCARA ISPAGHULA

• The cork consists of numerous layers of small, thin • Epidermis: Single layered, thick
MEET
walled flattened, polygonal OUR
prisms, TEAM
arranged
rows and having yellowish brown contents.
in radial walled transparent, tangentially
elongated cells containing mucilage,
• Next to cork few layers of collenchyma cells are which exudes if brought in contact
present. with water.
• Groups of irregular thick walled lignified stone cells • Pigment Layer: Usually collapsed
MICROSCOPY are in the cortex and 1–5 celled wide phloem rays and which is yellow in colour.
Click icon to addtangentially elongated
picture Click icon to lignified fibres inClick
add picture the phloem. • Endosperm:
icon to add pictureClick iconOuter
to addlayer consists of
picture
The fibres are crystal fibres and surrounded palisade like cells which are thick
• by parenchyma containing calcium oxalate prisms. walled but inner cells are irregular
Crystal fibres are of diagnostic importance in and are also thick walled consisting
identification of the powdered drug. of aleurone grains and oil globules.
• Embryo: Have two cotyledons, with
three to five vascular bundles in
each, a portion of raphe remains
attached to the seed.
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Officer

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 16

 CASCARA ISPAGHULA

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 17

ALOE RHUBARB CASCARA ISAPGHULA

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 18

THANK YOU

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 19