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Shell Momentum Balance 1

This document discusses momentum transport in chemical engineering. It explains that momentum transport deals with fluid flow and uses concepts like the no-slip boundary condition. The document then provides an example of using shell momentum balance to derive the velocity profile for laminar flow in a vertical circular tube, taking into account forces like pressure gradient, gravity, and viscous forces. It notes that the velocity profile obtained must satisfy the no-slip and no-shear boundary conditions at the tube walls and liquid-vapor interface.

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Kevwe Macaulay -Gbogidi
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93 views16 pages

Shell Momentum Balance 1

This document discusses momentum transport in chemical engineering. It explains that momentum transport deals with fluid flow and uses concepts like the no-slip boundary condition. The document then provides an example of using shell momentum balance to derive the velocity profile for laminar flow in a vertical circular tube, taking into account forces like pressure gradient, gravity, and viscous forces. It notes that the velocity profile obtained must satisfy the no-slip and no-shear boundary conditions at the tube walls and liquid-vapor interface.

Uploaded by

Kevwe Macaulay -Gbogidi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHE 333

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA I

Section 2

Mrs. Akinyemi A.F.


Department of Chemical Engineering
Covenant University, Ota
TOPICS
1)Shell momentum balance and velocity profile in laminar flow

2) Shell energy balance and temperature profile in solid

3) Shell mass balance and concentration profile in gases, liquid and solids
TEXTS
• CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Volume 1.
BY Coulson, J.M. and Richardson, J.F. Published by Butterworth-Heinemann
• FLUID MECHANICS FOR CHEMICALS ENGINEERS
By Noel de Nevers. Published by McGraw-Hill.
• TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
By Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E and LightFoot, E.N. Published by John Wiley & Sons , New York.
• FLUID MECHANICS
By Olu Ogboja. Published by UNESCO, Kenya
• Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles
By Christie John Geankoplis. Published by Prentice-Hall.
Transport is of three types momentum, energy and mass transport

T0
Q
(Amount of energy
transferred) T1

Closed System

What we can measure


Transport
Momentum Velocity

Energy (Heat) Temperature

Mass Concentration
Transport is the distribution of temperature, concentration and velocity. In transport, within the
system temperature, concentration and velocity are not uniform and if is not uniform it is
possible to plot T vs X i.e temperature versus position f’’(Position, time)

x
Note: transport is varied by two variable position and time and 1) if it is no longer function of
time it means the system has reached steady state system. 2) but if is a function of time the
system is unsteady state system
3) If is a function of position that is you can always plot graph with what you measure with
position and that is what we call a profile, plot of concentration versus position is called
concentration profile, temperature versus position is temperature profile while velocity versus
position is called velocity profile
Momentum transport deals with the transport of momentum which is responsible for flow in fluids.
Momentum transport describes the science of fluid flow also called fluid dynamics. A few basic
assumptions are involved in fluid flow and these are discussed below.
No slip boundary condition
This is the first basic assumption used in momentum transport. It deals with the fluid flowing over a solid
surface, and states that whenever a fluid comes in contact with any solid boundary, the adjacent layer of
the fluid in contact with the solid surface has the same velocity as the solid surface. Hence, we assumed
that there is no slip between the solid surface and the fluid or the relative velocity is zero at the fluid–solid
interface. For example, consider a fluid flowing inside a stationary tube of radius R as shown in the figure
below Since the wall of the tube at r=R is stationary, according to the no-slip condition implies that the
fluid velocity at r=R is also zero.
MOMENTUM EQUATION AND FLOW IN PIPES
•Momentum is a conserved quantity and its balance implies that:
Rate of momentum - Rate of momentum + Sum of Forces = system
transport in transport out 0 (1)

This is a restricted statement of the law of conservation of momentum. This statement is applicable
only to one component of the momentum-namely, the component in the direction of flow. To write
the momentum balance we need the expressions for the convective momentum fluxes given below
Table 1: Summary of the Components of the Molecular Stress Tensor

• Force is defined as rate of change of momentum.


• Momentum balance can therefore be seen as force balance
• For a steady state flow, rate of change of momentum
term is zero.
• The summation of the total force contribution in a
steady state flow is therefore zero.
• The forces that exists within a flowing fluid at any point
may arise from various sources.
• These include:
Gravity or the “weight” of the fluid.
The internal resistance to relative motion between
fluid elements ( friction).
Inertial effects resulting from variation in local velocity
and the mass of fluid.
External driving force such as pump or compressor.
• The flow of fluids in circular tubes or pipes is
encountered frequently in engineering.

• The laminar flow of fluids in circular tubes may be


analyzed by means of shell momentum balance.

• For the circular tube, the use of cylindrical coordinates is


employed, which are natural co-ordinates for describing
positions in a pipe of circular section.
• consider the steady-state, laminar flow of a fluid of
constant density and viscosity in a vertical tube
length of and radius .
• The liquid flows downward under the influence of a
pressure difference and gravity.
• The tube length is specified to be very large with
respect to the tube radius so that end effects can be
ignored.
• We select our system a cylindrical shell of thickness
and length and we begin by listing the various
contributions to the Z-momentum balance.
• Momentum in and out by flow (convective velocity
terms) are neglected since we are considering steady
state flow.
• That is, the velocity along Z, Vz is constant, thus the
terms eventually cancel out.
• Once there is a governing differential equation boundary
conditions is requires
• then integrate that in order to obtain the expression for velocity
for certain case.
• The two common boundary conditions that would be expect in
momentum transport is no slip at the solid-liquid interface and
no shear at the liquid-vapor interface.
• Those two conditions is used to obtain a compact expression for
the velocity as a function of depth.
• Once we have the expression for velocity, we would be able to
obtain what is the maximum velocity and the average velocity.
The most common fluid flow phenomena that you see almost every day
is, flow of water.
• Assume a flow through a circular pipe. In this exercise you will see
how we can use the shell momentum balance to obtain an expression
for velocity in a tube through which the liquid is flowing.

• Assume that case the tube is vertical. Therefore, there will be effect
of gravity. Gravity would try to pull the liquid towards the downward
direction.
• There is also pressure gradient. There would be some pressure at the
top and a slightly lower pressure at the bottom. So the pressure
gradient, the pressure force is forcing the liquid to move downwards.

So the effect of pressure gradient and gravity is to create a flow in the


downward direction. Now as the fluid starts to flow, it is going to
interact with the walls of the tube and the way it is going to interact is
through viscous forces.
But when it reaches steady state, the sum of all forces acting on the
control volume suitably define for flow in a pipe must be equal to zero.
So if I can define a control volume for flow in a pipe then we are going to
find out what is the rate of momentum into the control volume by
convection and by conduction. What is the surface force that is acting on
the control volume, namely pressure in this case.

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