Scribd
Upload
256 views22 pages

Enthalpy of Reaction

The document discusses calculating enthalpy changes for chemical reactions. It defines standard enthalpy of formation and standard enthalpy of reaction. There are two methods described for calculating enthalpy of reaction: the direct method which can be used when reactants can be readily synthesized, and the indirect method which uses Hess's law and is used when reactants cannot be directly synthesized. Sample problems demonstrate using both methods to calculate enthalpy of reaction values.

Uploaded by

Patricia Cadacio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
256 views22 pages

Enthalpy of Reaction

The document discusses calculating enthalpy changes for chemical reactions. It defines standard enthalpy of formation and standard enthalpy of reaction. There are two methods described for calculating enthalpy of reaction: the direct method which can be used when reactants can be readily synthesized, and the indirect method which uses Hess's law and is used when reactants cannot be directly synthesized. Sample problems demonstrate using both methods to calculate enthalpy of reaction values.

Uploaded by

Patricia Cadacio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Enthalpy of Chemical

Reactions
Lesson 8
Lesson Target

Write the thermochemical


equation for a chemical reaction

Calculate the change in enthalpy


of a given reaction.
Enthalpy of a Chemical Reaction
Enthalpy (H)  amount of heat absorbed or
released by a chemical reaction at constant
pressure
Enthalpy of reaction ()  difference between
the enthalpy of products and reactants

*when is positive the reaction is endothermic


when is negative the reaction is exothermic
Thermochemical Equation
Thermochemical equation  chemical equation
that shows the value & direction of heat
involved in a reaction

H2O (s) H2O (l) DH = 6.01 kJ


 If you reverse a reaction, the sign of H changes
H2O (l) H2O (s) DH = -6.01 kJ
 If you multiply both sides of the equation by a
factor n, then ΔH must change by the same factor
n.
2H2O (s) 2H2O (l) DH = 2 x 6.01 = 12.0 kJ
Standard Enthalpy of Formation
Standard enthalpy of formation () heat
change that results when one mole of a
compound is formed from its elements at a
pressure of 1 atm.
 The standard enthalpy of formation of
any element in its most stable form is zero.

(O2) = 0 (C, graphite) = 0

(O3) = 142 kJ/mol (C, diamond) = 1.90 kJ/mol


Standard Enthalpy of Reaction
Standard enthalpy of reaction ()
enthalpy of a reaction carried out at 1atm

*consider the hypothetical reaction:


aA + bB cC + dD
DHrxn
0
= [ cDH0f (C) + dDH0f (D) ] - [ aDH0f (A) + bDH0f (B) ]
*general equation:

DHrxn
0
= S nDH0f (products) - S mDHf0 (reactants)
Direct Method
This method of measuring works for compound
that can be readily synthesized
Ex.
C(graphite) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)

=0 =0 = -393.5kJ/mol
= (CO2, g) – [(C, graphite)+(O2,g)]
= -393.5kJ/mol – (0kJ/mol + 0kJ/mol)
= -393.5kJ/mol
Sample Problem: Direct Method
Solve for the standard enthalpy of reaction
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2 (g)  2CO2 (g) + 3H20 (g)

SUBSTANCE H0 f (kJ/mol)
C2H5OH(l) -277.7
O2 (g) 0
CO2 (g) -393.5
H20 (g) -241.8

DH0 rxn = -1234.7 kJ/mol


EQUATION:

= (CO2, g) + 3(H2O,g)]
– [(C2H5OH,l)+(O2,g)]
SOLUTION:

= [2(-393.5kJ/mol)) + 3(-241.8kJ/mol)] – [(-


277.7kJ/mol) + 3(0)]
=[(-787 kJ/mol ) + (-725.4kJ/mol)] – (-277.7kJ/mol)
= -1234.7kJ/mol
Sample Problem: Direct Method
Solve for the standard enthalpy of reaction
2NH3 (g) + 3N2O (g)  4N2 (g) + 3H20 (l)

SUBSTANCE H0 f (kJ/mol)
NH3(g) -46.3
N2O (g) 81.56
N2 (g) 0
H20 (l) -285.8

DH0 rxn = -1009.48 kJ/mol


Indirect Method

This method of measuring works for


compounds that can’t be directly synthesized.
Hess’s Law  When reactants are converted to
products, the change in enthalpy is the same
whether the reaction takes place in one step
or in a series of steps.
Hess’s Law
The following rules must be considered:
Rule1: Enthalpy is an extensive property; it
depends on the amount of reactant &
products
Rule2: The ΔH for a forward reaction is equal in
magnitude but opposite in sign to its
reverse reaction.
Rule3: The ΔH for a reaction is the same
whether it occurs in one step or in series
of steps.
Indirect Method
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CO(g)

2C(s) + O2(g)  2CO(g)

The equation for each step and the corresponding enthalpy


change are:
C(s) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) DH0rxn = ─ 393.5 kJ/mol
2CO(g) + O2 (g)  2CO2 (g) DH0rxn = ─ 566.0 kJ/mol
Solution
• Equation 1 needs to be multiplied by 2 since C(s) in the
overall equation has a coefficient 2

[ C(s) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) DH0rxn = ─ 393.5 kJ/mol ] x 2

• Equation 2 must be reversed since carbon monoxide is in


the products side of the overall equation

2CO2 (g)  2CO(g) + O2 (g) DH0rxn = 566.0 kJ/mol

Note: the negative sign of the enthalpy was replaced by


a positive sign since the reaction is reversed.
Solution
• By Hess’s Law the ΔH of the overall reaction can be
calculated from the ΔH of the two reactions

2C(s) + 2O2 (g)  2CO2 (g) DH0rxn = ─ 787 kJ/mol

2CO2 (g)  2CO(g) + O2 (g) DH0rxn = 566.0 kJ/mol

2C(s) + O2(g)  2CO(g) DH0rxn = ─ 221.0 kJ/mol

Final
Answer
Sample Problem
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CS2 (l)
C(graphite) + 2S(rhombic) CS2 (l)

The equation for each step and the corresponding enthalpy


change are:
C(graphite) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) DH0rxn = -393.5 kJ/mol
S(rhombic) + O2 (g) SO2 (g) DH0rxn = -296.1 kJ/mol
CS2(l) + 3O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2SO2 (g) DH0rxn = -1072 kJ/mol
Solution
C(graphite) + 2S(rhombic) CS2 (l)

• Equation 1 as is
C(graphite) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) DH0rxn = -393.5 kJ/mol
• Equation 2 must be multiplied by 2 since there is
coefficient 2 for S(rhombic) in the final equation
[ S(rhombic) + O2 (g) SO2 (g) DH0rxn = -296.1 kJ/mol ] x2
• Equation 3 must be reversed since CS2(l) must be in the
product side
CS2(l) + 3O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2SO2 (g) DH0rxn = -1072 kJ/mol
Solution
C(graphite) + 2S(rhombic) CS2 (l)

Solution:
C(graphite) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) DH0rxn = -393.5 kJ/mol
2S(rhombic) + 2O2 (g) 2SO2 (g) DH0rxn = -592.2 kJ/mol
CO2 (g) + 2SO2(g) CS2(l) + 3O2 (g) DH0rxn = +1072 kJ/mol

C(graphite) + 2S(rhombic) CS2 (l) DH0rxn = 86.3 kJ/mol


Sample Problem
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of acetylene
gas (C2H2) from its elements:
2C(s) + H2(g)  C2H2(g)
The equation for each step and the corresponding enthalpy
change are:
C(s) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) DH0rxn = ─ 393.5 kJ/mol
H2(g) + ½ O2 (g)  H2O (l) DH0rxn = ─ 285.8 kJ/mol
2C2H2(g) + 5O2 (g)  4CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l) DH0rxn = ─ 2598.8 kJ/mol
Sample Problem
2C(s) + H2(g)  C2H2(g)
Multiply by 2
C(s) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) DH0rxn = ─ 393.5 kJ/mol
Just copy / as is
H2(g) + ½ O2 (g)  H2O (l) DH0rxn = ─ 285.8 kJ/mol
Reverse then divide by 2
2C2H2(g) + 5O2 (g)  4CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l) DH0rxn = ─ 2598.8 kJ/mol

2C(s) + 2O2 (g)  2CO2 (g) DH0rxn = ─ 787 kJ/mol


H2(g) + ½ O2 (g)  H2O(l) DH0rxn = ─ 285.8 kJ/mol
2CO2 (g) + H2O(l)  C2H2(g) + O2 (g) DH0rxn = + 1299.4 kJ/mol

2C(s) + H2(g)  C2H2(g) DH0rxn = + 226.6 kJ/mol

You might also like