CLOUD

COMPUTING
FUNDAMENTALS
 + Motivation for cloud computing
+ The need for cloud computing
+ Defining cloud computing
+ Definition of cloud computing
CONTENTS + Cloud computing is a service
+ Cloud computing is a platform
+ Principles of cloud computing
+ Five essential characteristics
+ Four cloud deployment models 
        Motivation for cloud computing
The scenario of computing before availability of cloud computing: 

The users who are in need of computing are expected to invest money on computing
resources such as hardware, software, networking, and storage.
This investment naturally costs a bulk currency to the users as they have to buy these
computing resources, keep these in their premises, and maintain and make it
operational.
This is a particularly true and huge expenditure to the enterprises that require
enormous computing power and resources, compared with classical academics and
individuals.
         Motivation for cloud computing
The scenario of computing after the announcement and availability of cloud computing:
+ It is easy and handy to get the required computing power and resources from some provider
(AWS) as when it is needed and pay only for that usage.
+  This would cost only a reasonable investment or spending, compared to the huge investment
when buying the entire computing infrastructure.
+ Therefore, cloud computing is a mechanism of bringing–hiring or getting the services of the
computing power or infrastructure to an organizational or individual level to the extent
required and paying only for the consumed services.
+ Thus, one can say as a one-line answer to the need for cloud computing that it eliminates a
large computing investment without compromising the use of computing at the user level at an
operational cost. Cloud computing is very economical and saves a lot of money. 
         Motivation for cloud computing
+ A blind benefit of this computing is that even if we lose our laptop or due to some
crisis our personal computer—and the desktop system—gets damaged, still our data
and files will stay safe and secured as these are not in our local machine (but
remotely located at the provider’s place—machine).
+ Thus, cloud computing comes into focus and much needed only when we think about
what computing resources and information technology (IT) solutions are required.
This need caters to a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without
investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software.
+ Cloud computing encompasses the subscription based or pay-per-use service model
of offering computing to end users or customers over the Internet and thereby
extending the IT’s existing capabilities.
        Motivation for cloud computing
+One can think to add security while
accessing these remote computing resources
as depicted in Figure .
+ Figure shows several cloud computing
applications. The cloud represents the
Internet-based computing resources, and the
accessibility is through some secure support
of connectivity. It is a computing solution
growing in popularity, especially among
individuals and small- and medium-sized
companies (SMEs).
         The Need for Cloud Computing
+ The main reasons for the need and use of cloud computing are convenience and
reliability. In the past, if we wanted to bring a file, we would have to save it to a Universal
Serial Bus (USB) flash drive, external hard drive, or compact disc (CD) and bring that
device to a different place.
+  Instead, saving a file to the cloud ensures that we will be able to access it with any
computer that has an Internet connection.
+  The cloud also makes it much easier to share a file with friends, making it possible to
collaborate over the web. While using the cloud, losing our data/file is much less likely.
+  However, just like anything online, there is always a risk that someone may try to gain
access to our personal data, and therefore, it is important to choose an access control with
a strong password and pay attention to any privacy settings for the cloud service that we
are using.
 The Need for Cloud Computing
          Defining Cloud Computing
+ In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing data and
programs over the Internet from a remote location or computer instead of our
computer’s hard drive.
+ This so called remote location has several properties such as scalability, elasticity
etc., which is significantly different from a simple remote machine.
+  The cloud is just a metaphor for the Internet. When we store data on or run a
program from the local computer’s hard drive, that is called local storage and
computing. For it to be considered cloud computing, we need to access our data or
programs over the Internet.
+  The end result is the same; however, with an online connection, cloud computing
can be done anywhere, anytime, and by any device.
         Definition of Cloud Computing
+ The formal definition of cloud computing comes from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST): “Cloud computing is a model for enabling
ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)
that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction.
+ This cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics, three service
models, and four deployment models.
+  It means that the computing resource or infrastructure—be it server hardware,
storage, network, or application software—all available from the cloud vendor or
provider’s site/premises, can be accessible over the Internet from any remote
location and by any local computing device.
         Definition of Cloud Computing
+ In addition, the usage or accessibility is to cost only to the level of usage to the
customers based on their needs and demands, also known as the pay-as-you-go or
pay-as-per-use model.
+ If the need is more, more quantum computing resources are made available
(provisioning with elasticity) by the provider. Minimal management effort implies that
at the customer’s side, the maintenance of computing systems is very minimal as they
will have to look at these tasks only for their local computing devices used for
accessing cloud-based resources, not for those computing resources managed at the
provider’s side. 
+ Many vendors, pundits, and experts refer to NIST, and both the International
Standards Organization (ISO) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) back the NIST definition.
          Cloud Computing Is a Service
+ The simplest thing that any computer does is allow us to store and retrieve
information. We can store our family photographs, our favourite songs, or even
save movies on it, which is also the most basic service offered by cloud
computing.
+  Let us look at the example of a popular application called Flickr to illustrate the
meaning of this section.  
While  Flickr  started  with  an  emphasis  on  sharing  photos   and  imag-es, it has
emerged as a great place to store those images. In many ways, it is superior to
storing the images on your computer:
          Cloud Computing Is a Service
1. First, Flickr allows us to easily access our images no matter where we are or what
type of device we are using. While we might upload the photos of our vacation from
our home computer, later, we can easily access them from our laptop at the office.
2. Second, Flickr lets us share the images. There is no need to burn them to a CD or
save them on a flash drive. We can just send someone our Flickr address to share
these photos or images.
 3. Third, Flickr provides data security. By uploading the images to Flickr, we are
providing ourselves with data security by creating a backup on the web. And, while
it is always best to keep a local copy— either on a computer, a CD, or a flash drive
—the truth is that we are far more likely to lose the images that we store locally than
Flickr is of losing our images.
     Cloud Computing Is a Platform
+ The World Wide Web (WWW) can be considered as the operating system for all our
Internet-based applications. However, one has to understand that we will always
need a local operating system in our computer to access web based applications.
+  The basic meaning of the term platform is that it is the support on which
applications run or give results to the users. For example, Microsoft Windows is a
platform. But, a platform does not have to be an operating system. Java is a platform
even though it is not an operating system. Through cloud computing, the web is
becoming a platform.
+ With trends (applications) such as Office 2.0, more and more applications that were
originally available on desktop computers are now being converted into web–cloud
applications.
          Cloud Computing Is a Platform

+  Word processors like Buzzword and office suites like Google Docs are now
available in the cloud as their desktop counterparts.
+  All these kinds of trends in providing applications via the cloud are turning
cloud computing into a platform or to act as a platform.
          Principles of Cloud computing
The principles put forth by NIST describe :
(a) The five essential characteristic features that promote cloud
computing.
(b) The four deployment models that are used to narrate the cloud
computing opportunities for customers while looking at architectural
models.
(c) The three important and basic service offering models of cloud
computing.
         Five Essential Characteristics

+ On-demand self-services
+ Broad network access
+ Elastic Resource pooling
+ Rapid Elasticity
+ Measured service
          Five Essential Characteristics
1. On-demand self-service: A consumer can unilaterally provision computing
capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically
without requiring human interaction with each service’s provider.
 2. Broad network access: Capabilities are available over the network and
accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin
or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and personal digital
assistants [PDAs]).
3. Elastic resource pooling: The provider’s computing resources are pooled to
serve multiple consumers using a multitenant model, with different physical and
virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer
demand. There is a sense of location
          Five Essential Characteristics
   -independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact
location of the provided resources but may be able to specify the location at a higher level of
abstraction (e.g., country, state, or data centre). Examples of resources include storage,
processing, memory, and network bandwidth.
4. Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases
automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the
capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any
quantity at any time.
5. Measured service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service
(e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored,
controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized
service.
         Four Cloud Deployment Models
Deployment models describe the ways with which the cloud services can be
deployed or made available to its customers, depending on the organizational
structure and the provisioning location. One can understand it in this manner too:
cloud (Internet)-based computing resources—that is, the locations where data and
services are acquired and provisioned to its customers— can take various forms.
 Four deployment models are usually distinguished, namely, public, private,
community, and hybrid cloud service usage: 
1. Private cloud: The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a
single organization comprising multiple consumers (e.g., business units). It may be
owned, managed, and operated by the organization, a third party, or some
combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises
         Four Cloud Deployment Models
2. Public cloud: The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general
public. It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government
organization, or some combination of them. It exists on the premises of the cloud
provider. 
3. Community cloud: The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and
supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security
requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the
organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise. 
4. Hybrid cloud: The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud
infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound
together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application
portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds)
Four Cloud
Deployment
Models
Thank you