ARDUINO

MICROCONTROLLER
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION & HISTORY | TIMELINE OF ARDUINO PRODUCTS | DIFFERENT TYPES OF
ARDUINO
WHAT IS ARDUINO?

• It is an open-source electronics platform/microcontroller.

• Also, has programming its own software/IDE.
• Designed to be less expensive and easy to use and learn.
• Can be connected to many relays, motors, sensors, etc.
HISTORY

• Development started in Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy.

• Based on a thesis of a Columbian Student named Hernando Barragan.
• The thesis is named “Wiring: Prototyping Physical Interaction Design”.
HISTORY

• Wiring’s objective was to “make it easy for artists and designers to work with
electronics”.
• First prototype was produced on 2005 by Massimo Banzi.
• He was later on joined by four others; David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca
Martino, and David Mellis.
HISTORY
TIMELINE OF ARDUINO PRODUCTS

Board name Year Microcontrolle Board name Year Microcontrolle

r r
Diecimila 2007 ATmega168V Uno 2010 ATmega328P
LilyPad 2007 ATmega168V/ Ethernet 2011 ATmega328
ATmega328V
Nano 2008 ATmega328/ Mega ADK 2011 ATmega2560
ATmega168
Mini 2008 ATmega168 Leonardo 2012 ATmega32U4
Mini Pro 2008 ATmega328 Esplora 2012 ATmega32U4
Duemilanove 2008 ATmega168/ Micro 2012 ATmega32U4
ATmega328
Mega 2009 ATmega1280 Yún 2013 ATmega32U4 +
Linino
Fio 2010 ATmega328P Zero 2015 ATSAMD21G1
8A
Mega 2560 2010 ATmega2560      
DIFFERENT TYPES
OF ARDUINO
ARDUINO
UNO R3

• Arduino UNO is a basic

and inexpensive Arduino
board and is the most
popular of all the Arduino
boards with a market
share of over 50%.

• Arduino UNO is
considered to be the best
prototyping board for
beginners in electronics
and coding.
LILYPAD
ARDUINO

• The LilyPad Arduino is

used in e-textiles and
wearable projects.

• It can be sewn to fabric

and similarly mounted
power supplies, sensors
and actuators.
ARDUINO
NANO

• The Nano is similar to

the UNO in terms of
functionality but it has
slightly different
components and layout.
• It’s most defining
characteristic is the lack
of a DC power jack,
which explains its
compact size.
ARDUINO
ESPLORA

• The Esplora allows

users more direct
control over their
creations.
• This board is more
used as an user
interface for other
electronic projects.
PARTS OF ARDUINO
POWER (USB /
BARREL JACK)

• It can be powered via a USB

connection (1) or a DC power
source via the jack (2).
PINS

• GND (3): 2 Ground Pins, used to

ground your circuit.
• 5V(4) & 3.3V(5): Supplies
power with 5 or 3.3 volts.
• Analog (6): These pins can read
the signal from an analog
sensor(i.e. Temperature sensor).
PINS

• Digital (7): These pins can be

used for both digital input and
output.
• PWM (8): These pins act as
normal digital pins, but can also
be used for something called
Pulse-Width Modulation
(PWM).
PINS

• AREF (9): Stands for Analog

Reference. Most of the time you
can leave this pin alone. It is
sometimes used to set an
external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the
upper limit for the analog input
pins.
RESET BUTTON

• Pushing it will temporarily connect the

reset pin (10) to ground and restart any
code that is loaded on the Arduino.
POWER LED
INDICATOR

• To the right of the word “UNO”,

there’s a tiny LED next to the
word ‘ON’ (11). This LED
should light up whenever you
plug your Arduino into a power
source.
TX RX LEDS

• TX is short for transmit, RX is

short for receive. It is located to
the left of the word “Arduino”
(12).
• These LEDs will give us some
nice visual indications whenever
our Arduino is receiving or
transmitting data.
MAIN IC

• The black thing with all the metal legs

is an IC, or Integrated Circuit (13).
This is the “brain” of the Arduino.
• You may need to know the IC type
(along with your board type) before
loading up a new program from the
Arduino software. This information
can usually be found in writing on the
top side of the IC.
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR (14)

• It controls the amount of voltage that is

let into the Arduino board. It will turn
away an extra voltage that might harm
the circuit.
• It has its limits, usually anything
greater than 20 volts.
WHAT IS THE USE OF ARDUINO?

• For everything from robots, tiny weather display to a laser harp. The Arduino
can be used as the brains behind almost any electronics project.
FINGERPRINT SCANNER
LASER HARP
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES
FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
INTRODUCTION
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
INTRODUCTION

• In developing an Arduino project or any projects that

uses a microcontroller, electronic components are quite
important. This means that in order to build an
electronic project, we need to identify and understand
first some of the basic electronic components.
RESISTORS
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
RESISTOR
S
A resistor is a passive two-
terminal electrical component
that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit
element.
BRIEF HISTORY ON RESISTORS
• Georg Ohm was a German physicist and
mathematician
• He was known for his “Ohm’s Law”
• Ohm’s Law states that the current through
a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two
points.
BRIEF HISTORY ON RESISTORS
• The resistor was invented by Otis
Frank Boykin on 1959
• He also invented a control unit for the
artificial cardiac pacemaker
• He died because of heart failure on
1982
TYPES OF RESISTORS
STANDARD RESISTOR COLOR CODE
HOW TO READ A RESISTOR?
CAPACITORS
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
CAPACITO
RS
A Capacitor is an
electronic component
that stores electric
charge.
WHAT IS A CAPACITOR?

• The capacitor is made of two close conductors (usually

plates) that are separated by a dielectric material. The plates
accumulate electric charge when connected to a power
source. One plate accumulates positive charge and the other
plate accumulates negative charge.
• The capacitors are measured in Farads.
TYPES OF CAPACITORS
CAPACITOR VERSUS BATTERY
TRANSISTORS
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
TRANSIST
ORS
A Transistor is a three leg insect
type component, which is placed
singly in some devices but in
computers it is packed inside in
millions of numbers in small
microchips
BRIEF HISTORY ABOUT TRANSISTORS
• Before transistors, first generation computers used
vacuum tubes for logic circuitry.
• The world’s first general-purpose electronic computer,
ENIAC, had more than seventeen thousand vacuum tubes
• Vacuum tube cathodes are needed to be heated first to
work. Because of this vacuum tubes are burnt out
regularly and needed to be replaced.
• Because of the large number of vacuum tubes, the ENIAC
was very power hungry
BRIEF HISTORY ABOUT TRANSISTORS

• The first transistors were

developed by a group of
scientists led by John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain, and William
Shockley at AT&T Bell
Laboratories in mid 1940s
HOW DOES A TRANSISTOR WORK?
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
INTEGRATE
D CIRCUITS
An integrated circuit, or IC, is
a small chip that can function
as an amplifier, oscillator,
timer, microprocessor, or
even a computer memory
TYPES OF IC’S

• Digital Integrated Circuits

• Analog Integrated Circuits
• Mixed Integrated Circuits
• Logic Circuits
• Comparators
• Switching ICs
• Audio amplifiers
• Operational amplifiers
POTENTIOMETERS
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
POTENTIOMETERS
A potentiometer is a three-terminal
resistor with a sliding or rotating
contact that forms an adjustable
voltage divider.
WHAT IS A POTENTIOMETER?

• A potentiometer is a manually adjustable, variable resistor

with three terminals. Two terminals are connected to a
resistive element, the third terminal is connected to an
adjustable wiper. The position of the wiper determines the
output voltage.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF POTENTIOMETERS

• There are two major types of potentiometers, Rotary

potentiometers and Linear Potentiometers
• Rotary potentiometers – The most common type of
potentiometer where the wiper moves along a circular path.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF POTENTIOMETERS

• Linear potentiometers - Potentiometers where the wiper moves

along a linear path. Also known as slider, slide pot or fader.
DIODES
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
DIODES
A diode is a two-terminal
electrical device that allows
the transfer of current in only
one direction.
WHAT IS A DIODE?

• A diode is used for rectifying waveforms, within radio detectors

or within power supplies.
• They can also be used in various electrical and electronic
circuits where ‘one-way’ result of the diode is required.
• Most of the diodes are made from semiconductors like Si
(silicon), but sometimes, Ge (germanium) is also used.
BRIEF HISTORY ABOUT DIODES
• The story of invention revolves around the
perseverance of an American Physicist
Russel S. Ohl who discovered the basic
form of PN Junction while his research at
Bell Laboratories.
• Russel Ohl (aka R.S Ohl) was a researcher
with AT &T Bell laboratories who
specialized in materials research.
TYPES OF DIODES
DIFFERENT DIODE SYMBOLS
Symbol Name Description

Diode Diode allows current flow in one direction only (left to right).

Allows current flow in one direction, but also can flow in the reverse
Zener Diode
direction when above breakdown voltage

Schottky Diode Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop

Varactor / Varicap Diode Variable capacitance diode

Tunnel Diode  

Light Emitting Diode (LED) LED emits light when current flows through

Photodiode Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to light

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
LIGHT-
EMITTING
DIODES (LED)
An LED is a small
component that gives light.
HOW AN LED WORKS?

• To understand the workings of a light-emitting diode, you need to

get into the physics part of semiconductors. Simply explained, the
LED is similar to a standard diode, but with the addition of a
phenomenon called Electroluminescence.
TYPES OF LED
CONNECTING AN LED

• The LED has two pins called anode and cathode.

• The anode is the longest pin. This is the pin you connect to the most positive
voltage. The cathode is the pin you connect to the most negative voltage.
They must be connected correctly for the LED to work.
LIGHT DEPENDENT
RESISTORS (LDR)
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
LIGHT
DEPENDENT
RESISTORS
An LDR is a component that has a
(variable) resistance that changes
with the light intensity that falls
upon it. This allows them to be
used in light sensing circuits.
WHAT IS AN LDR?

• Light dependent resistors or photoresistors, are sensitive

devices most often used to indicate the presence or
absence of light, or to measure the light intensity.
TYPES OF LDR
SOME APPLICATIONS OF LDRS

• There are many applications for Light Dependent Resistors. These include:
• Lighting switch
• The most obvious application for an LDR is to automatically turn on a light at a certain
light level. An example of this could be a street light or a garden light.
• Camera shutter control
• LDRs can be used to control the shutter speed on a camera. The LDR would be used to
measure the light intensity which then adjusts the camera shutter speed to the appropriate
level.
BUTTON SWITCH
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
BUTTON
SWITCH
A Button is a simple
switch mechanism for
controlling some aspect of
a machine or a process.
WHAT IS A BUTTON SWITCH?

• Buttons are typically made out of hard material,

usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to
accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or
pushed.
• Buttons are most often biased switch, although many un-biased buttons
(due to their physical nature) still require a spring to return to their un-
pushed state.
TYPES OF BUTTON SWITCH
RELAYS
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
RELAYS
Relays are switches that open
and close circuits
electromagnetically or
electronically
SOME TYPES OF RELAYS

• A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor.
• Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a
semiconductor device to perform switching.
• Magnetic latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their contacts in
one direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses from
the same input have no effect. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications
where interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.
TYPES OF RELAYS
MULTIMETERS
ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES FOR MICROCONTROLLERS
MULTIMETE
RS
A multimeter is also known as a
volt-ohm meter, is a handheld tester
used to measure electrical voltage,
current(amperage), resistance, and
other values.
TYPES OF MULTIMETERS

• Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer

to display readings.

• Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and

may also show a graphical bar representing the measured value.
HOW TO USE AN ANALOG MULTIMETER?