Data Structures Algorithm and Design

DSECFZG519 Akshaya Ganesan

BITS Pilani Asst. Prof [OFF-CAMPUS]
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

1
BFS-Demo

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
A B C D

E F G H

front

FIFO Queue
3

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
A B C D

E F G H

enqueue source node front A

FIFO Queue
4

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
A B C D

E F G H

dequeue next vertex front A

FIFO Queue
5

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
A B C D

E F G H

visit neighbors of A front

FIFO Queue
6

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
A B C D

E F G H

visit neighbors of A front

FIFO Queue
7

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
A
A B C D

E F G H

B discovered front B

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

visit neighbors of A front B

FIFO Queue
9

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
A
A B C D

E F G H

I discovered front B I
FIFO Queue
10

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
A
A B C D

E F G H

finished with A front B I

FIFO Queue
11

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

dequeue next vertex front B I

FIFO Queue
12

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

visit neighbors of B front I

FIFO Queue
13

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

visit neighbors of B front I

FIFO Queue
14

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

F discovered front I F
FIFO Queue
15

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

visit neighbors of B front I F

FIFO Queue
16

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

A already discovered front I F

FIFO Queue
17

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

finished with B front I F

FIFO Queue
18

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

dequeue next vertex front I F

FIFO Queue
19

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

visit neighbors of I front F

FIFO Queue
20

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

visit neighbors of I front F

FIFO Queue
21

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

A already discovered front F

FIFO Queue
22

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

visit neighbors of I front F

FIFO Queue
23

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B

E discovered front F E
FIFO Queue
24

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B

visit neighbors of I front F E

FIFO Queue
25

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B

F already discovered front F E

FIFO Queue
26

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B

I finished front F E
FIFO Queue
27

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B

dequeue next vertex front F E

FIFO Queue
28

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B

visit neighbors of F front E

FIFO Queue
29

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B F

G discovered front E G
FIFO Queue
30

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B F

F finished front E G
FIFO Queue
31

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B F

dequeue next vertex front E G

FIFO Queue
32

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B F

visit neighbors of E front G

FIFO Queue
33

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
A B C D

E F G H

I B F

E finished front G
FIFO Queue
34

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B F

dequeue next vertex front G

FIFO Queue
35

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A
A B C D

E F G H

I B F

visit neighbors of G front

FIFO Queue
36

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G
A B C D

E F G H

I B F

C discovered front C
FIFO Queue
37

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G
A B C D

E F G H

I B F

visit neighbors of G front C

FIFO Queue
38

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

H discovered front C H
FIFO Queue
39

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

G finished front C H
FIFO Queue
40

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

dequeue next vertex front C H

FIFO Queue
41

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

visit neighbors of C front H

FIFO Queue
42

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G C
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

D discovered front H D
FIFO Queue
43

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G C
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

C finished front H D
FIFO Queue
44

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G C
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

get next vertex front H D

FIFO Queue
45

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G C
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

visit neighbors of H front D

FIFO Queue
46

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G C
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

finished H front D
FIFO Queue
47

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G C
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

dequeue next vertex front D

FIFO Queue
48

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G C
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

visit neighbors of D front

FIFO Queue
49

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G C
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

D finished front

FIFO Queue
50

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G C
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

dequeue next vertex front

FIFO Queue
51

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Breadth First Search
- A G C
A B C D

E F G H

I B F G

STOP front

FIFO Queue
52

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

DFS-Demo

53

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A
A B
B C
D
H D
E
G E
F
G
H

Task: Conduct a depth-first search of the

graph starting with node D 54

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A
A B
B C
D
H D √
E
G E
F
G
D
H
The order nodes are visited:
D Visit D
55

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk Through

Visited Array
F C A
A B
B C
D
H D √
E
G E
F
G
D
H
The order nodes are visited:
Consider nodes adjacent to D,
D decide to visit C first (Rule:
visit adjacent nodes in 56

alphabetical order)
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Walk Through

F C A
A B

B
C √
D
H D √
E
G E F
G C
H D
The order nodes are visited:
Visit C
D, C
57

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A
A B
B C √
D
H D √
E
G E
F
C
G
D
H
The order nodes are visited:
No nodes adjacent to C; cannot
D, C continue → backtrack, i.e.,
pop stack and restore 58

previous state
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A
A B
B C √
D
H D √
E
G E
F
G
D
H
The order nodes are visited:
Back to D – C has been visited,
D, C decide to visit E next
59

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk Through

Visited Array
F C A
A B
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
F
E
G
D
H
The order nodes are visited:
Back to D – C has been visited,
D, C, E decide to visit E next
60

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A
A B
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
F
E
G
D
H
The order nodes are visited:
Only G is adjacent to E
D, C, E
61

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A
A B
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
G
F
E
G √
D
H
The order nodes are visited:
Visit G
D, C, E, G
62

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A
A B
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
G
F
E
G √
D
H
The order nodes are visited:
Nodes D and H are adjacent to
D, C, E, G G. D has already been
visited. Decide to visit H. 63
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A
A B
B C √
D
H D √ H
E √
G E
G
F
E
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
Visit H
D, C, E, G, H
64

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A
A B
B C √
D
H D √ H
E √
G E
G
F
E
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
Nodes A and B are adjacent to F.
D, C, E, G, H Decide to visit A next.
65

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B
B C √ A
D
H D √ H
E √
G E
G
F
E
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
Visit A
D, C, E, G, H, A
66

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B
B C √ A
D
H D √ H
E √
G E
G
F
E
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
Only Node B is adjacent to A.
D, C, E, G, H, A Decide to visit B next.
67

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B √ B
B C √ A
D
H D √ H
E √
G E
G
F
E
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
Visit B
D, C, E, G, H, A, B
68

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B √
B C √ A
D
H D √ H
E √
G E
G
F
E
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
No unvisited nodes adjacent to
D, C, E, G, H, A, B B. Backtrack (pop the stack).
69

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B √
B C √
D
H D √ H
E √
G E
G
F
E
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
No unvisited nodes adjacent to
D, C, E, G, H, A, B A. Backtrack (pop the stack).
70

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B √
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
G
F
E
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
No unvisited nodes adjacent to
D, C, E, G, H, A, B H. Backtrack (pop the
stack). 71

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B √
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
F
E
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
No unvisited nodes adjacent to
D, C, E, G, H, A, B G. Backtrack (pop the
stack). 72

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B √
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
F
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
No unvisited nodes adjacent to
D, C, E, G, H, A, B E. Backtrack (pop the stack).
73

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B √
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
F
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
F is unvisited and is adjacent to
D, C, E, G, H, A, B D. Decide to visit F next.
74

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B √
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
F √
F
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
Visit F
D, C, E, G, H, A, B, F
75

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

F C A √
A B √
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
F √
G √
D
H √
The order nodes are visited:
No unvisited nodes adjacent to
D, C, E, G, H, A, B, F F. Backtrack.
76

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B √
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
F √
G √
H √
The order nodes are visited:
No unvisited nodes adjacent to
D, C, E, G, H, A, B, F D. Backtrack.
77

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Walk-Through

Visited Array
F C A √
A B √
B C √
D
H D √
E √
G E
F √
G √
H √
The order nodes are visited:
Stack is empty. Depth-first
D, C, E, G, H, A, B, F traversal is done.
78

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Thank You!!

79

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956