Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit-1
High-Performance Computing
A pool of processors (processor machines or central processing
units [CPUs]) connected (networked) with other resources like
memory, storage, and input and output devices, and the deployed
software is enabled to run in the entire system of connected
components.
The processor machines can be of homogeneous or heterogeneous
type.
HPC is the supercomputers,
HPC include a small cluster of desktop computers or personal
fusion
Why Is HPC Important?
It is through data that groundbreaking scientific discoveries
Parallel Computing
Parallel computing is also one of the facets of HPC. Here, a set of proces-
sors work cooperatively to solve a computational problem. These processor
machines or CPUs are mostly of homogeneous type. In serial or sequential
computers, the following apply:
It runs on a single computer/processor machine having a single CPU.
A problem is broken down into a discrete series of instructions.
Instructions are executed one after another.
In parallel computing, since there is simultaneous use of multiple processor
During the 1960s, the initial concepts of time-sharing became popularized via RJE(
Remote Job Entry).
1970s on such platforms as Multics (on GE hardware)
In the 1990s, telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated
point-to-point data circuits virtual private network
In 2006, Amazon created subsidiary Amazon Web Services and introduced its
Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2).[13]
In 2008, Google released the beta version of Google App Engine.
By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship
among consumers of IT services.
n February 2010, Microsoft released Microsoft Azure, which was announced in October
2008.[33]
In July 2010, Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly launched an open-source cloud-
software initiative known as OpenStack
On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the IBM SmartCloud framework to support
Smarter Planet.[41] Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation,
cloud computing is a critical part.
On June 7, 2012, Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud.[42] This cloud offering is poised to
be the first to provide users with access to an integrated set of IT solutions, including the
Applications (SaaS), Platform (PaaS), and Infrastructure (IaaS) layers.[43][44][45]
In May 2012, Google Compute Engine was released in preview, before being rolled out
into General Availability in December 2013.[46]
In 2019, it was revealed that Linux is most used on Microsoft Azure.[11]
Biocomputing
Bio computers use systems of biologically
derived molecules—such as DNA and proteins
—to perform computational calculations
involving storing, retrieving, and processing
data. Distinguishable types of biocomputers
include
Biochemical computers
Biomechanical computers
Bioelectronic computers
Network-based biocomputers
Mobile Computing
Location Flexibility
Saves Time
Enhanced Productivity
Entertainment
Quantum computing
Quantum Computer
A computer that uses quantum mechanical
phenomena to perform operations on data through
devices such as superposition and entanglement(a
complicated or compromising relation or
suitations).
ClassicalComputer (Binary)
A computer that uses voltages flowing through
circuits and gates, which can be calculated entirely
by classical mechanics.
The Need For Speed...
Classical Digital Computer
Moore’s Law: transistors on chip doubles every 18 months—
microprocessor circuits will measure on atomic scale by
2020-2030
Downscaling of circuit board layout/components is leading to
discrepancies.
Copper traces are crystallizing
Emergence of quantum phenomena such as electrons
tunneling through the barriers between wires.
Serial Processing – one operation at a time
64-bit classical computer operates speeds measured in
gigaflops (billions of floating-point operations per second).
Quantum Computer
Harnesses the power of atoms and molecules to perform
memory and processing tasks
Parallel Processing – millions of operations at a time
30-qubit quantum computer equals the processing power
of conventional computer that running at 10 teraflops
(trillions of floating-point operations per second).
Classical vs Quantum Bits
Classical Bit
2 Basic states – off or on: 0, 1
Mutually exclusive Pure Quibit State:
Quantum Bit (Qubit)
2 Basic states – ket 0, ket 1: | 0 ,
a | 0 b |1
|1
Superposition of both states – where a, b
(not continuous in nature)
2 2
Quantum entanglement s.t. 1 a b
2 or more objects must be
described in reference to one
another 8 Possible States
Entanglement is a non-local
property that allows a set of per Qubit
qubits to express superpositions
of different binary strings
(01010 and 11111, for example)
simultaneously
Quantum Computing Power
Integer Factorization
Impossible for digital computers to factor large
numbers which are the products of two primes of
nearly equal size.
Quantum Computer with 2n qubits can factor
numbers with lengths of n bits (binary)
Quantum Database Search
Example: To search the entire Library of Congress
for one’s name given an unsorted database...
Classical Computer – 100 years
Quantum Computer – ½ second
Practical Quantum Computer
Applications
1995 - Shor proposs the first scheme for quantum error correction.
1996 - Lov Grover, at Bell Labs, invents quantum database search algorithm
1997 - David Cory, A.F. Fahmy, Timothy Havel, Neil Gershenfeld and Isaac
Chuang publish the first papers on quantum computers based on bulk spin
resonance, or thermal ensembles. Computers are actually a single, small
molecule, storing qubits in the spin of protons and neutrons. Trillions of
trillions of these can float in a cup of water.
Molecular magnet-based