Python : File I/O

reading and writing files

CT108-3-1 Programming With

Python (PYP)
 Topic & Structure of the lesson

• Reading and writing files

– Creating a text file
– Opening files in different modes
– Writing data into a file
– Reading from a file
– Searching through a file

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 Learning outcomes

• At the end of this lecture you should be

able to:
– Develop a problem-based strategy for
creating and applying programmed solutions
– Create, edit, compile, run, debug and test
programs using an appropriate development
environment

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 Key terms you must be able to
use
• If you have mastered this topic, you should
be able to use the following terms correctly
in your assignments and exams:

– open

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 File Processing

• A text file can be thought of as a

sequence of lines
From [email protected] Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008
Return-Path: <[email protected]>
Date: Sat, 5 Jan 2008 09:12:18 -0500To:
[email protected]:
[email protected]: [sakai] svn commit:
r39772 - content/branches/Details:
http://source.sakaiproject.org/viewsvn/?view=rev&rev=39772

http://www.py4inf.com/code/mbox-short.txt
CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O
 Opening a File

• Before we read the contents of a file we must

tell Python which file we are going to work with
and what we will be doing with the file
• This is done with the open() function
• open() returns a “file handle” - a variable used
to perform operations on the file
• Kind of like “File -> Open” in a Word Processor

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 Using open()

handle = open(filename, mode)

• returns a handle, used to manipulate the file
• filename is a string
• mode is optional and should be 'r' if we are planning
reading the file and 'w' if we are going to write to the
file.

fhand = open('mbox.txt', 'r')

http://docs.python.org/lib/built-in-funcs.html
CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O
 What is a Handle?

>>> fhand = open('mbox.txt')

>>> print(fhand)
<open file 'mbox.txt', mode 'r' at 0x1005088b0>

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 When Files are Missing

>>> fhand = open('stuff.txt')

Traceback (most recent call
last): File "<stdin>", line
1, in <module>IOError: [Errno
2] No such file or directory:
'stuff.txt'

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 The newline
Character
• We use a special >>> stuff = 'Hello\nWorld!’
character to indicate >>> stuff
when a line ends >>> 'Hello\nWorld!’
>>> print(stuff)
called the "newline" Hello
• We represent it as \n World!
>>> stuff = 'X\nY’
in strings >>> print(stuff)
• Newline is still one X
Y
character - not two >>> len(stuff)3

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 File Processing

• A text file can be thought of as a

sequence of lines

From [email protected] Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008

Return-Path: <[email protected]>
Date: Sat, 5 Jan 2008 09:12:18 -0500To:
[email protected]:
[email protected]: [sakai] svn commit:
r39772 - content/branches/Details:
http://source.sakaiproject.org/viewsvn/?view=rev&rev=39772

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 File Processing

• A text file has newlines at the end of

each line

From [email protected] Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008\n

Return-Path: <[email protected]>\n
Date: Sat, 5 Jan 2008 09:12:18 -0500\nTo:
[email protected]\nFrom:
[email protected]\nSubject: [sakai] svn commit:
r39772 - content/branches/\nDetails:
http://source.sakaiproject.org/viewsvn/?view=rev&rev=39772\n

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 File Handle as a Sequence
• A file handle open for read
can be treated as a
sequence of strings where
each line in the file is a string
in the sequence
• We can use the for
statement to iterate through
a sequence
• Remember - a sequence is
an ordered set
xfile = open('mbox.txt')
for cheese in xfile:
print(cheese)

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 Counting Lines in a File

• Open a file read-only

• Use a for loop to fhand = open('mbox.txt')
read each line count = 0
for line in fhand:
• Count the lines and count = count + 1
print out the number print('Line Count:', count)
of lines
Output:
Line Count: 132045

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 Searching Through a File
• We can put an if
statement in our
for loop to only
print lines that
meet some criteria
fhand = open('mbox-short.txt')
for line in fhand:
if line.startswith('From:') :
print(line)

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 OOPS!

What are all these blank From: [email protected]

lines doing here?
From: [email protected]

From: [email protected]

From: [email protected]
...

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 OOPS!

What are all these blank From: [email protected]\n

lines doing here? \n
From: [email protected]\n
\n
From: [email protected]\n
Each line from the file has a \n
newline at the end. From: [email protected]\n
\n
...
The print statement adds a
newline to each line.

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 Searching Through a File (fixed)

• We can strip the

fhand = open('mbox-short.txt')
whitespace from the for line in fhand:
right hand side of the line = line.rstrip()
string using rstrip() if line.startswith('From:'):
print(line)
from the string library
• The newline is
considered "white
space" and is
From: [email protected]
stripped From: [email protected]
From: [email protected]
From: [email protected]
....

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 Skipping with continue

• We can
convienently
skip a line by fhand = open('mbox-short.txt')
for line in fhand:
using the line = line.rstrip()
if not line.startswith('From:'):
continue continue
print(line)
statement

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 Using in to select lines

• We can look for

fhand = open('mbox-short.txt')
a string for line in fhand:
anywhere in a line = line.rstrip()
if not '@uct.ac.za' in line :
line as our continue
print(line)
selection criteria

From [email protected] Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008

X-Authentication-Warning: set sender to [email protected] using –f
From: [email protected]: [email protected]
From [email protected] Fri Jan 4 07:02:32 2008
X-Authentication-Warning: set sender to [email protected] using -f...

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 Prompt for File Name

fname = input('Enter the file name: ')

fhand = open(fname)
count = 0
for line in fhand:
if line.startswith('Subject:') :
count = count + 1
print('There were', count, 'subject lines in', fname)

Enter the file name: mbox.txt

There were 1797 subject lines in mbox.txt

Enter the file name: mbox-short.txt

There were 27 subject lines in mbox-short.txt

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 Bad File Names
fname = input('Enter the file name: ')
try:
fhand = open(fname)
except:
print 'File cannot be opened:', fname
exit()
count = 0
for line in fhand:
if line.startswith('Subject:') :
count = count + 1
print ('There were', count, 'subject lines in', fname)

Enter the file name: mbox.txt

There were 1797 subject lines in mbox.txt

Enter the file name: na na boo boo

File cannot be opened: na na boo boo

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O

 Summary

• Secondary storage
• Opening a file - file handle
• File structure - newline character
• Reading a file line-by-line with a for loop
• Searching for lines
• Reading file names
• Dealing with bad files

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Python Files I/O