PHAROS UNIVERSITY IN ALEXANDRIA 

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 

FSK – PSK 
COMMUNICATION LABORATORY 
DR: HEBA ELKAYAL 
GROUP : C
GROUP TEAM :
NAME : ID :

Aya Abd Elmoneam Mohamed 201901606

Hadeer Khaled Ahmed ALi 201900874

Hager Basiony Hamdy 201900440

Zekra Tarek Mohamed 201901002

Mahmoud Mohamed Hashim 201901499

Amr Khaled Abdelhalim 201802076

Asem Mohamed Ibrahim 201600635

CONTENT :
 Digital Communication: 
Digital modulation is the process by which digital symbols are transferred into
waveforms compatible to characteristics of the channel.

 We use digital modulation rather than analog modulation because of the following : 
Better performance
 More cost effective than analog modulation methods (AM, FM, etc.)
   Used in modern cellular systems 
  Advancements in VLSI, DSP, etc.

There are many types of digital modulations but we will discuss only 2 of them which are
: 
  Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
   Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
frequency shift keying -FSK  :

Objective :
 To describe the FSK modulation and demodulation (Frequency Shift Keying) 
  To carry out a FSK connection 
 To examine the noise effect on the connection 
FSK Modulator :
 The FSK signal is generated by means of 2 ASK modulators, which outputs are
combined together with an adder. 

 The two sine carriers at different frequencies are applied separately to the 2
modulators. The data reach one of the two modulators in direct form, the other
in negated form. 

 In this way a modulator supplies a sine wave when the datum is "1", the second
when the datum is"0". The FSK signal is obtained by adding the two outputs.
Wave-forms of the FSK Modulator: 
FSK Demodulator :
 Coherent FSK detection 
 Non-coherent FSK detection

The only difference between the coherent and non-coherent way of

detection is the phase of the carrier signal. If the carrier signal we are
using at the transmitter side and receiver side are in the same phase while
demodulation process called a coherent way of detection and it is also
known as synchronous detection. If the carrier signals which we are using
at transmitter and receiver side are not in the same phase then such
modulation process known as Non-coherent detection. Another name for
this detection is Asynchronous detection.
Coherent FSK Detection :
Non-coherent FSK Detection :
Waveforms of the FSK demodulator :
Advantages: 
 Simple process to construct the circuit 
 Zero amplitude variations 
 Supports a high data rate. 
 Low probability of error. 
 High SNR (signal to noise ratio). 
 More noise immunity than the ASK 
 Error-free reception can be possible with FSK 
 Useful in high-frequency radio transmissions 
 Preferable in high-frequency communications Low-speed digital
applications
Disadvantages :

  It requires more bandwidth than the ASK and PSK(phase shift keying) 
 Due to the requirement of large bandwidth, this FSK has limitations to use
only in low-speed modems which the bit rate is 1200bits/sec. 
 The bit error rate is less in AEGN channel than phase shift keying. 
 It is the combination of amplitude modulation and phase modulation 
Applications of frequency shift keying :

 The technique is used in the high-frequency data transmission system. 

 Extensively used in low-speed modems. 

Phase Shift Keying – PSK : 

Objectives 
  To describe the PSK modulation and demodulation 
  To carry out a PSK connection, with absolute modulation 
  To examine the noise effect on the connection PSK Modulation To examine
the Constellation Diagram
Phase Shift keying –PSK: 
 It is a digital modulation technique which uses phase of the analog carrier to
represent digital binary data. Phase of the carrier wave is changed according
to the binary inputs (1 or 0). In two level PSK, difference of 180 phase shift
is used between binary 1 and binary 0. 
  The term PSK or Phase shift keying is broadly used in a radio
communication system. This kind of technique is mostly compatible with
data communications. It allows information in a more efficient way to be
carried over a radio communications signal compare with other modulation
forms. 
 The PSK can be classified into two types which include the following : (1)
BPSK – Binary Phase-Shift Keying. (2) QPSK – Quadrature Phase-Shift
Keying.
PSK Modulator: 
 The sine carrier (1200 Hz) is applied to an input of the balanced modulator 1; a
data signal (indicated with I) is applied to the other input. The circuit operates as
balanced modulator, and multiplies the two signals applied to the inputs. Across
the output, the sine carrier is direct when the data signal is to low level (bit "0"),
inverted (shifted 180°) when the bit is "1".The 2- PSK signal then enters the
adder, used for FSK/QPSK/QAM modulations, and exits via a separator stage.
The 6dB attenuator makes the signal amplitude half, and is activated only by the
QAM. 
Wave-forms of the PSK Modulator: 
PSK Demodulator: 
Wave-forms of the PSK Demodulator: 
Wave-forms of the 2-PSK Modulator :
 MCM31 – Disconnect all jumpers 
 SIS1 – Turn OFF all switches 
  Power the module 
 PSK mode, with 24-bit data source and without data coding (connect J1c-J3b-J4-
J5-J6c, set  SW2 = Normal, SW3=24 bit, SW4 = 1200, SW=PSK, SW7 = Squaring
Loop, SW8 = BIT, ATT= min, NOISE = min. 
 set an alternated data sequence 00/11 and push START
  connect the oscilloscope to TP6 and TP16 and examine the data signal and the 2-
PSK signal. Adjust the phase (PHASE) to invert the phase of the carrier in
correspondence to 0.
Wave-forms of the 2_PSK demodulator :
 Keep the last conditions (connect J1c-J3b-J4-J5-J6c, set SW2 = Normal, SW3=24 bit,
SW4 = 1200 ,SW=PSK, SW7 = Squaring Loop, SW8 = BIT, ATT = min, NOISE = min. 
  set an alternated data sequence 00/11 and push START 
 connect the oscilloscope to TP16 and TP20, to examine the PSK signal before and after
the communication Channel (Fig. 5) 
 observe the affect of the communication channel on the PSK signal. As the
communication channel is limited band, the phase transitions of the output PSK signal
are slightly beveled. 
 The PSK demodulator (indicated on the diagram as I_ DEM), consists in a double
sampler, which samples the negative and positive half-wave of the incoming PSK signal.
The sampling clock consists in the carrier regenerated by the Carrier Recovery Section 
  Across TP21 you can note a rectangular signal which samples the negative half-wave of
the PSK signal. The frequency of the sampling signal is equal to the frequency of the
PSK carrier (1200 Hz), the sampling duration is equal to ¼ the period.  
4-phase PSK modulation :
 In this modulation, called 4-psk, or Quadrature PSK (QPSK), the sine
carrier takes 4-phase values, separated of 90 degree and determined
by the combinations of bit pairs (Dibit) of the binary data signal.

 You obtain the 4 phases for the QPSK signal. The modulator is carried
out with two multipliers used as 2-PSK modulators, which supply the
modulated PSK, and PSKQ signals. The sum of the two generates the
PSK signal with the 4 possible phases. 
4-PSK modulator wave forms PSK Modulation
4-PSK demodulation :

The Demodulation of a 4-PSK signal is made via 2 product

demodulators, which are reached by the 4-PSK signal and 2 separate
carriers with the same frequency used in transmission, and shifted
between them is 90 degree. 
  
Advantages of PSK :

 It carries data over RF signal more efficiently compare to other modulation

types. Hence it is more power efficient modulation technique compare to ASK
and FSK. 
 It is less susceptible to errors compare to ASK modulation and occupies same
bandwidth as ASK. 
 Higher data rate of transmission can be achieved using high level of PSK
modulations such as QPSK, 16-QAM. 
Disadvantages of PSK :

 It has lower bandwidth efficiency. 

 The binary data is decoded by estimation of phase states of the signal. These
detection and recovery algorithms are very complex. 
 Multi-level PSK modulation schemes (QPSK, 16QAM etc.) are more
sensitive to phase variations.
 It is also one form of FSK and hence it also offers lower bandwidth
efficiency compare to ASK modulation type.
Applications of Phase Shift Keying :
 This method is broadly used for bio-metric, wireless LAN along with
wireless communications like Bluetooth and RFID. 
 Local Oscillator 
 Optical Communications 
 Multi-channel WDM 
 Delay & add demodulator 
 Nonlinear effects for WDM transmission 
REFRANCES :