Lesson 7:

Activity and fragment

lifecycles

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About this lesson
Lesson 7: Activity and fragment lifecycles
● Activity lifecycle
● Logging
● Fragment lifecycle
● Lifecycle-aware components
● Tasks and back stack
● Summary

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Activity lifecycle

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Why it matters

● Preserve user data and state if:

○ User temporarily leaves app and then returns
○ User is interrupted (for example, a phone call)
○ User rotates device
● Avoid memory leaks and app crashes.

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Simplified activity lifecycle
Activity launched

onCreate()

App is running

Activity shut down

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Activity lifecycle
Activity launched onCreate()

onRestart() onStart()

onResume()

Activity running

onPause()

onStop()

onDestroy() Activity shut down

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Activity states
CREATED

STARTED

RESUMED

Activity is running

PAUSED

STOPPED

DESTROYED

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onCreate()

● Activity is created and other initialization work occurs

● You must implement this callback
● Inflate activity UI and perform other app startup logic

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onStart()

● Activity becomes visible to the user

● Called after activity:
○ onCreate()
or
○ onRestart() if activity was previously stopped

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onResume()

● Activity gains input focus:

○ User can interact with the activity
● Activity stays in resumed state until system triggers activity to
be paused

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onPause()

● Activity has lost focus (not in foreground)

● Activity is still visible, but user is not actively interacting with it
● Counterpart to onResume()

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onStop()

● Activity is no longer visible to the user

● Release resources that aren’t needed anymore
● Save any persistent state that the user is in the process of
editing so they don’t lose their work

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onDestroy()

● Activity is about to be destroyed, which can be caused by:

○ Activity has finished or been dismissed by the user
○ Configuration change
● Perform any final cleanup of resources.
● Don’t rely on this method to save user data (do that earlier)

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Summary of activity states
State Callbacks Description

Created onCreate() Activity is being initialized.

Started onStart() Activity is visible to the user.

Resumed onResume() Activity has input focus.

Paused onPause() Activity does not have input focus.

Stopped onStop() Activity is no longer visible.

Destroyed onDestroy() Activity is destroyed.

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Save state
User expects UI state to stay the same after a config change or if the app
is terminated when in the background.
● Activity is destroyed and restarted, or app is terminated and activity is
started.
● Store user data needed to reconstruct app and activity Lifecycle
changes:
○ Use Bundle provided by onSaveInstanceState().
○ onCreate() receives the Bundle as an argument when activity
is created again.

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 Logging

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Logging in Android

● Monitor the flow of events or state of your app.

● Use the built-in Log class or third-party library.
● Example Log method call: Log.d(TAG, "Message")

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Write logs

Priority level Log method

Verbose Log.v(String, String)

Debug Log.d(String, String)
Info Log.i(String, String)
Warning Log.w(String, String)
Error Log.e(String, String)

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Fragment lifecycle

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Fragment states
CREATED

STARTED

RESUMED

Fragment is running

PAUSED

STOPPED

DESTROYED

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Fragment lifecycle diagram

Fragment onViewCreated(
onAttach() onCreate() onCreateView() onStart() onResume()
is added )

Fragment is onDestroyView( Fragment is

onPause() onStop() onDestroy() onDetach()
active ) destroyed

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onAttach()

● Called when a fragment is attached to a context

● Immediately precedes onCreate()

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onCreateView()

● Called to create the view hierarchy associated with the

fragment
● Inflate the fragment layout here and return the root view

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onViewCreated()

● Called when view hierarchy has already been created

● Perform any remaining initialization here (for example, restore
state from Bundle)

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onDestroyView() and onDetach()

● onDestroyView() is called when view hierarchy of fragment

is removed.
● onDetach() is called when fragment is no longer attached to
the host.

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Summary of fragment states
State Callbacks Description

Initialized onAttach() Fragment is attached to host.

Created onCreate(), onCreateView(), Fragment is created and layout is being

onViewCreated() initialized.

Started onStart() Fragment is started and visible.

Resumed onResume() Fragment has input focus.

Paused onPause() Fragment no longer has input focus.

Stopped onStop() Fragment is not visible.

Destroyed onDestroyView(), onDestroy(), Fragment is removed from host.

onDetach()

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Save fragment state across config changes

Preserve UI state in fragments by storing state in Bundle:

● onSaveInstanceState(outState: Bundle)

Retrieve that data by receiving the Bundle in these fragment

callbacks:
● onCreate()
● onCreateView()
● onViewCreated()

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Lifecycle-aware
components

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Lifecycle-aware components

Adjust their behavior based on activity or fragment lifecycle

● Use the androidx.lifecycle library
● Lifecycle tracks the lifecycle state of an activity or fragment
○ Holds current lifecycle state
○ Dispatches lifecycle events (when there are state changes)

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LifecycleOwner

● Interface that says this class has a lifecycle

● Implementers must implement getLifecycle() method
Examples: Fragment and AppCompatActivity are
implementations of LifecycleOwner

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LifecycleObserver
Implement LifecycleObserver interface:

class MyObserver : LifecycleObserver {

@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME)
fun connectListener() {
...
}

Add the observer to the lifecycle:

myLifecycleOwner.getLifecycle().addObserver(MyObserver())

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Tasks and back stack

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Back stack of activities

EmailActivity

Back stack

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Add to the back stack

ComposeActivity

EmailActivity

Back stack

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Add to the back stack again

AttachFileActivity

ComposeActivity

EmailActivity

Back stack

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Tap Back button

AttachFileActivity

popped off the stack

ComposeActivity

EmailActivity

Back stack

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Tap Back button again

ComposeActivity

popped off the stack

EmailActivity

Back stack

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First destination in the back stack

First
fragment

FirstFragment

Back stack

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Add a destination to the back stack

Second
fragment
SecondFragment

FirstFragment

Back stack

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Tap Back button

SecondFragment
First
fragment popped off the stack

FirstFragment

Back stack

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Another back stack example
ResultFragment

Question3Fragment

Result Question2Fragment
fragment
Question1Fragment

WelcomeFragment

Back stack

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Modify Back button behavior
ResultFragment

pop additional destinations Question3Fragment

off the back stack
Welcome Question2Fragment
fragment
Question1Fragment

WelcomeFragment

Back stack

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 Summary

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Summary
In Lesson 7, you learned how to:
● Understand how an activity instance transitions through different lifecycle
states as the user interacts with or leaves your app
● Reserve UI state across configuration changes using a Bundle
● Fragment lifecycle callback methods similar to activity, but with additions
● Use lifecycle-aware components help organize your app code
● Use default or custom back stack behavior
● Use logging to help debug and track the state of the app

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Learn more

● Understand the Activity Lifecycle

● Activity class
● Fragments guide and lifecycle
● Fragment class

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Pathway

Practice what you’ve learned by

completing the pathway:
Lesson 7: Activity and FragmentLifecycles

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