DCS 115

Object Oriented Programming

with Java

By
Salamudeen Alhassan
 Control Statements
 Selection Statements
– Using if and if...else
– Nested if Statements
– Using switch Statements
– Conditional Operator
 Repetition Statements
– Looping: while, do-while, and for
– Nested loops
– Using break and continue
 Selection Statements
 if Statements
 switch Statements
 Conditional Operators
 if Statements
if (booleanExpression) {
statement(s);
}

Example:
if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) {
System.out.println("i is an " +
"integer between 0 and 10");
}
 Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common
mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error
or a runtime error, it is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line block style.
 The if...else Statement
if (booleanExpression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}
 if...else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius*radius*PI;

System.out.println("The area for the “

+ “circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}
 Multiple Alternative if Statements
if (score >= 90) if (score >= 90)
grade = ‘A’; grade = ‘A’;
else else if (score >= 80)
if (score >= 80) grade = ‘B’;
grade = ‘B’; else if (score >= 70)
else grade = ‘C’;
if (score >= 70) else if (score >= 60)
grade = ‘C’; grade = ‘D’;
else else
if (score >= 60) grade = ‘F’;
grade = ‘D’;
else
grade = ‘F’;
 Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the
same block. For example, the following statement
int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3;
if (i > j)
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
else
System.out.println("B");
is equivalent to
int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3;
if (i > j)
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
else
System.out.println("B");
 Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To force
the else clause to match the first if clause, you must add a
pair of braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
}
else
System.out.println("B");
This statement prints B.
 Nested if Statements

Try questions
Using Nested if Statements
Write program in Java that reads in the
examination marks of a student print the
grade and gradepoint. Use your school
grading scheme.
 switch Statements
switch (year) {
case 7: annualInterestRate = 7.25;
break;
case 15: annualInterestRate = 8.50;
break;
case 30: annualInterestRate = 9.0;
break;
default: System.out.println(
"Wrong number of years, enter 7, 15, or 30");
}
 switch Statement Flow Chart
7 default
numOfYears

15 30

annualInterestRate=7.25 annualInterestRate=8.50 annualInterestRate=9.0 System.out.println("Wrong number of " +

"years, enter 7, 15, or 30");
System.exit(0);

Next
Statement
 switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression must yield a value of char, byte, short,
or int type and must always be enclosed in parentheses.

The value1, ..., and valueN must have the same data type as
the value of the switch-expression. The resulting statements
in the case statement are executed when the value in the case
statement matches the value of the switch-expression. (The
case statements are executed in sequential order.)

The keyword break is optional, but it should be used at the

end of each case in order to terminate the remainder of the
switch statement. If the break statement is not present, the
next case statement will be executed.
 switch Statement Rules, cont.
The default case, which is optional, can be used to
perform actions when none of the specified cases is true.
·      
The order of the cases (including the default case) does
not matter. However, it is a good programming style to
follow the logical sequence of the cases and place the
default case at the end.
 Caution
Do not forget to use a break statement when one is needed.
For example, the following code always displays Wrong
number of years regardless of what numOfYears is. Suppose
the numOfYears is 15. The statement annualInterestRate =
8.50 is executed, then the statement annualInterestRate = 9.0,
and finally the statement System.out.println("Wrong number
of years").

switch (numOfYears) {
case 7: annualInterestRate = 7.25;
case 15: annualInterestRate = 8.50;
case 30: annualInterestRate = 9.0;
default: System.out.println("Wrong number of years");
}
 Conditional Operator
if (x > 0) y = 1
else y = -1;

is equivalent to

y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;

Ternary operator
Binary operator
Unary operator
 Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + “is even”);
else
System.out.println(num + “is odd”);

System.out.println(
(num % 2 == 0)? num + “is even” :
num + “is odd”);
 Conditional Operator, cont.
(booleanExp) ? exp1 : exp2
 Repetitions
 while Loops
 do-while Loops
 for Loops
 break and continue
 while Loop Flow Chart
while (continuation-condition) {
// loop-body;
}

false
Continuation
condition?

true

Statement(s)

Next
Statement
 while Loop Flow Chart, cont.
i = 0;

int i = 0;
while (i < 100) { false
(i < 100)
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java!");
i++;
true
}
System.out.println("Welcoem to Java!");
i++;

Next
Statement
 Caution
Don’t use floating-point values for equality checking in a loop
control. Since floating-point values are approximations, using
them could result in imprecise counter values and inaccurate
results. This example uses int value for data. If a floating-point
type value is used for data, (data != 0) may be true even though
data is 0.

// data should be zero

double data = Math.pow(Math.sqrt(2), 2) - 2;
 
if (data == 0)
System.out.println("data is zero");
else
System.out.println("data is not zero");
 do-while Loop
Statement(s)
do {
// Loop body;
true
} while (continue-condition); Continue
condition?

false

Next
Statement
 for Loops
for (initial-action; loop-continuation-condition;
action-after-each-iteration) {
//loop body;
}

int i = 0;
while (i < 100) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java! ” + i);
i++;
}
Example:
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java! ” + i);
}
 for Loop Flow Chart
for (initial-action;
loop-continuation-condition;
action-after-each-iteration) { Initial-Action
//loop body;
}
false
Action-After- Continuation
Each-Iteration condition?

true

Statement(s)
(loop-body)

Next
Statement
 for Loop Example
int i;
i=0
for (i = 0; i<100; i++) {
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java"); false
i++ i<100?
}
true

System.out.println(
“Welcom to Java!”);

Next
Statement
 Which Loop to Use?
The three forms of loop statements, while, do, and for, are
expressively equivalent; that is, you can write a loop in
any of these three forms.
I recommend that you use the one that is most intuitive
and comfortable for you. In general, a for loop may be
used if the number of repetitions is known, as, for
example, when you need to print a message 100 times. A
while loop may be used if the number of repetitions is not
known, as in the case of reading the numbers until the
input is 0. A do-while loop can be used to replace a while
loop if the loop body has to be executed before testing the
continuation condition.
 Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of the for clause before
the loop body is a common mistake, as shown below:

for (int i=0; i<10; i++); Wrong

{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
}
 Caution, cont.
Similarly, the following loop is also wrong:
int i=0;
while (i<10); Wrong
{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
i++;
}
In the case of the do loop, the following semicolon is
needed to end the loop.
int i=0;
do {
System.out.println("i is " + i);
i++;
} while (i<10); Correct
The break Keyword
false
Continuation
condition?

true

Statement(s)

break

Statement(s)

Next
Statement
The continue Keyword
false
Continue
condition?

true

Statement(s)

continue

Statement(s)

Next
Statement
 Try question
Finding the Sales Amount
You have just started a sales job in a department store. Your pay
consists of a base salary and a commission. The base salary is $5,000.
The scheme shown below is used to determine the commission rate.
Sales Amount Commission Rate
$0.01–$5,000 8 percent
$5,000.01–$10,000 10 percent
$10,000.01 and above 12 percent
Your goal is to earn $30,000 in a year. Write a program that will find
out the minimum amount of sales you have to generate in order to
make $30,000.
 Try question
Displaying a Pyramid of Numbers
In this example, you will use nested loops to print the following
output:
1
212
32123
4321234
543212345
Your program prints five lines. Each line consists of three parts. The
first part comprises the spaces before the numbers; the second part, the
leading numbers, such as 3 2 1 on line 3; and the last part, the ending
numbers, such as 2 3 on line 3.
 Try question
Displaying Prime Numbers
This example displays the first 50 prime numbers in five lines, each of
which contains 10 numbers. An integer greater than 1 is prime if its
only positive divisor is 1 or itself. For example, 2, 3, 5, and 7 are prime
numbers, but 4, 6, 8, and 9 are not.
The problem can be broken into the following tasks:
• For number = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., test whether the number is prime.
• Determine whether a given number is prime.
• Count the prime numbers.
• Print each prime number, and print 10 numbers per line.