Critical Issues in Agri-Sector
Critical Issues in Agri-Sector
Critical Issues in Agri-Sector
BS (BA) 5TH
ALAMGIR KHAN
Chapter 5
Critical Issues of Agriculture in Pakistan
Major Trends in agriculture (process and nature of change)
Agricultural Pricing Policy
Rural Financial Market and Agricultural Credit (Formal & Informal Sources of credit)
Mechanization
Agricultural Income Tax
Water Crisis
Land Ownership, Power and Land Reforms
Major Trends
Major Trends (process and nature of change)
Yield of Major Agricultural Crops
Area Irrigation (1950-2012)
Per Capita Food Availability
Agricultural Pricing Policy
Agriculture pricing policy play a critical role in determining what and how much to
produce since 2008.
A good agricultural pricing policy can be defined as one where, ceteris peribus, price
acts as an incentive to produce certain goods in required quantities.
Along with the right types of seeds, water, fertilizers and other inputs as well as a
package of technology and credit, the pricing policy of inputs and outputs can determine
the direction of agri-productivity.
Significant impact on income distribution (incomes of small farmers)
Positive impact on rural economy, industrial productivity, urban wage, goods, exports,
cost of living and Terms of Trade (ToT) between the sectors.
This policy compromises Subsidized industrial production and urban consumers.
Agricultural Pricing Policy
Government sets price above the equilibrium level to subsidize the farmers by
paying the difference.
Minimum Support Price in 2019-20 was Rs 1400 but the market price of wheat rose to
Rs 2256 per 40kg .
Price
3000
2495 E
24Mt 28Mt
Quantity
Rural Financial Markets & Agricultural Credit
A survey of 1985 found that 68% of the credit to agricultural was provided by
non-institutional sources, a decline from 90% in 1972-73.
Another study found that 85% of small farmers have obtained credit from non-
institutional sources compared to 40% in large farmers category.
A significant number of credit loas (30%)are disbursed in institutional sources are
either proxy loans or roll-over funds.
Both Sources (Institutional & Non-institutional) tend to be short term but serve
different needs. 94% of institutional sources is meant for production & investment
while most (47%) is used for consumption purposes only obtained from non-
institutional sources.
The access by poorer households to institutional sources is constrained by
complex procedure and informal sources are much simpler and more flexible
often requiring little collateral.
Rural Financial Market
Only 14% of all Pakistanis have urban and rural use a financial product or service
(saving, credit, insurance & Remittance) which is very low compared to 32% in
Bangladesh, 48% in India and 57% in Sri Lanka.
Low percentage of total bank deposits (10%) in rural areas.
Rural Financial Market