Magnetically Coupled Circuits

1 Introduction
2 What is a transformer?
3 Self Inductance
4 Mutual Inductance.
5 Energy in a Coupled Circuit .
6 Linear Transformer.
7 Ideal Transformer.

1
1 Introduction (1)

• The circuits we have considered so far may be

regarded as conductively coupled, because one
loop affects the neighboring loop through
current conduction

• When two loops with or without contacts

between them affect each other through the
magnetic field generated by one of them, they
are said to be magnetically coupled.

2
2 What is a transformer (1)
• The transformer is an electrical device designed on the basis of the
concept of magnetic coupling
• It uses magnetically coupled coils to transfer energy from one circuit to
another
• It is the key circuit elements for stepping up or stepping down ac voltages
or currents, impedance matching, isolation, etc.

3
 3 Self Inductance (1)
• Let us first consider a coil with 𝑁 turns. When
current 𝑖 flows through the coil, a magnetic flux 𝛷 is
produced around it.
• According to Faraday’s law, the voltage 𝑣 induced in
the coil is proportional to the number of turns 𝑁
and the time rate of change of the magnetic flux 𝛷;
that is

𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝜙
𝑣= 𝑁 → 𝑣= 𝑁 ∙ =𝐿 𝐿=𝑁
𝑑𝑡 𝑑 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑖
• The inductance 𝐿 is commonly called self-inductance, because it relates the
voltage induced in a coil by a time-varying current in the same coil.

4
4 Mutual Inductance (1)
• When two inductors (or coils) are in a close proximity to each other, the magnetic
flux caused by a time-varying current in one coil links with the other coil, thereby
inducing voltage in the latter. This phenomenon is known as mutual inductance.
• Mutual inductance is measured in Henrys (H).
• Assume that current flows in coil 1 while coil 2 is open. +
𝑑 𝜙1 𝑑 𝜙1 𝑑 𝑖1 𝑑 𝑖1
𝑣 1=𝑁 1 =𝑁 1 ∙ =𝐿1 Leakage flux Mutual flux from
𝑑𝑡 𝑑 𝑖1 𝑑 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
coil 1 to coil 2
:Self inductance of coil 1

𝑑 𝜙12 𝑑 𝜙12 𝑑 𝑖1 𝑑 𝑖1
𝑣 2=𝑁 2 =𝑁 2 ∙ =𝑀 21
𝑑𝑡 𝑑 𝑖1 𝑑 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

: Mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1

5
4 Mutual Inductance (2)
• Similarly, assume that current flows in coil 2 while coil 1 is open.

+
𝑑 𝜙2 𝑑 𝜙 2 𝑑 𝑖2 𝑑 𝑖2
𝑣 2=𝑁 2 =𝑁 2 ∙ =𝐿2 Leakage flux Mutual flux from
𝑑𝑡 𝑑 𝑖2 𝑑 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
coil 2 to coil 1
:Self inductance of coil 2

𝑑 𝜙 21 𝑑 𝜙21 𝑑 𝑖2 𝑑 𝑖2
𝑣 1=𝑁 1 =𝑁 1 ∙ =𝑀 12
𝑑𝑡 𝑑 𝑖2 𝑑 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

: Mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2

6
 4 Mutual Inductance (3)
• To determine the polarity of mutual voltage, the dot convention is applied in
circuit analysis.
• By this convention, a dot is placed in the circuit at one end of each of the two
magnetically coupled coils to indicate the direction of the magnetic flux if current
enters that dotted terminal of the coil.

If a current enters the dotted terminal

of one coil, the reference polarity of
the mutual voltage in the second coil
is positive at the dotted terminal of
the second coil.

Illustration of the dot convention.

7
4 Mutual Inductance (4)
Dot convention for coils in series; the sign indicates the polarity of the mutual
voltage; (a) series-aiding connection, (b) series-opposing connection.

8
4 Mutual Inductance (5)
Example 1: Find Leq

Answer: 𝐿𝑒𝑞 1=10+6 − 4=12 H

𝐿 𝑒𝑞 2=12+6 − 6=12 H
𝐿𝑒𝑞 3=8 −4 −6=− 2 H
𝐿𝑒𝑞=𝐿 𝑒𝑞 1 + 𝐿𝑒𝑞 2+ 𝐿𝑒𝑞 3 =12+12 − 2=22 H

𝐿1 𝐿2 − 𝑀 2
Example 2: Prove 𝐿 𝑒𝑞=
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 − 2 𝑀

9
4 Mutual Inductance (6)
Time-domain analysis of a circuit
containing coupled coils.
Apply KVL:

Frequency-domain Replace by

10
4 Mutual Inductance (6)
As a second example, with the currents
shown, then

The currents can be then obtained by solving the above two voltage equations

11
4 Mutual Inductance (7)
Example 3

Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the circuit shown below.

Answer: I1  13.01  49.39A; I 2  2.9114.04A

12
13
4 Mutual Inductance (8)
Example 4
Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2
in the circuit shown below.

Answer:
14
 5 Energy in a Coupled Circuit (1)
• The energy stored in an inductor (L) is given by:
1 2
• Assuming , the power in coil 1 is given by: 𝜔= 𝐿 𝑖
2
𝑑 𝑖1
𝑝 1 ( 𝑡 )=𝑣 1 𝑖1=𝑖1 𝐿1
𝑑𝑡
• The energy stored at = and is given by
𝐼1 𝐼1
1
𝜔 1=∫ 𝑝 1 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿1∫ 𝑖1 𝑑 𝑖1= 𝐿 1 𝑖21
0 0
2
• If increases from 0 to
𝑑 𝑖2 𝑑 𝑖2 𝑑 𝑖2
𝑝 2 ( 𝑡 )=𝑣 2 𝑖2 +𝑖1 𝑀 1 2 =𝑖2 𝐿2 +𝑖1 𝑀 12
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐼2
1
𝜔 2=∫ 𝑝 2 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑀 12 𝑖 1 𝑖2 + 𝐿 2 𝑖22
0
2
++
• The total energy + is given by: 15
5 Energy in a Coupled Circuit (2)
• The coupling coefficient, k, is a measure of the magnetic coupling between two
coils; 0≤k≤1.
𝜙12 𝜙12
𝑘= =
𝜙1 𝜙 11 + 𝜙1 2

𝑀 12=𝑀 21=𝑀 =𝑘 √ 𝐿1 𝐿2

• The instantaneous energy stored in the circuit is given by

The positive sign is selected for the mutual term if both currents enter or
leave the dotted terminals of the coils; the negative sign is selected
otherwise.
16
Example 5
Consider the circuit below. Determine the coupling coefficient. Calculate the energy stored in the
coupled inductors at time t = 1s if .

17
The loop equations are given by

18
6 Linear Transformer (1)
• It is generally a four-terminal device comprising two (or more) magnetically coupled
coils

is known as the reflected impedance

19
6 Equivalent T Circuit of a Linear Transformer (2)
• The linear transformer can be replaced by an equivalent T or circuit

An equivalent T circuit

An equivalent circuit
20
Example 6
Solve for I1, I2, andV0 using equivalent T-circuit

or

Solving

21
7 Ideal Transformer (1)
A transformer is said to be ideal if it has the following properties:
1. Coils have very large reactances (L1, L2, M →∞).
2. Coupling coefficient is equal to unity (k = 1).
3. Primary and secondary coils are lossless (R1 = 0 = R2).

22
7 Ideal Transformer (2) Circuit reflection (referring)

Typical circuits illustrating proper voltage polarities

and current directions in an ideal transformer.

23
Example 7
Solve for I1,V0 and input complex power

24