Lecture Contents

• Modules

• Top-Down Approach

• Python Modules
 Modules
• We can make complex systems more manageable by designing them as a set
of subsystems, or modules.
• Example: Bennett University System

Bennett University

School of School of Times School School of

Engineering and Management of Media Law
Applied Sciences

CSE ECE MAE Math Bio-

Civil Physics Chemistry
Tech
What is Module ?
• Programs are designed as a collection of modules.
• The term “module,” broadly speaking, refers to the design and/or
implementation of specific functionality to be incorporated into a program.
• While an individual function may be considered a module, modules generally
consists of a collection of functions (or other entities).

Advantages of
Modules:
 • Every module needs to provide a specification of how it is
to be used, which is referred to as the module’s interface.
• Any program code making use of a given module is called a
client of the module.
• A module’s specification should be sufficiently clear and
complete so that its clients can effectively utilize it.
Module • A docstring is a string literal denoted by triple quotes used
in Python for providing the specification of certain program
Specification elements.
• Example:
 MCQs
1. Which of the following is not an advantage in the use of modules in software development?
a) Provides a natural means of dividing up programming tasks.
b) Provides a means of reducing the size of a program.
c) Provides a means for the reuse of program code.
d) Provides a means of separately testing individual parts of a program.
e) Provides a means of integrating parts of a program during testing.
f) Facilitates the modification of specific program functionalities.
2. A specification of how a particular module is used is called the module’s_______________.
3. Program code that makes use of a given module is called a _______________ of the module.
4. Indicate which of the following are true. A docstring in Python is
a) A string literal denoted by triple or double quotes.
b) A means of providing specification for certain program elements in Python.
c) A string literal that may span more than one line.
 MCQs: Answer
1. Which of the following is not an advantage in the use of modules in software development?
a) Provides a natural means of dividing up programming tasks.
b) Provides a means of reducing the size of a program.
c) Provides a means for the reuse of program code.
d) Provides a means of separately testing individual parts of a program.
e) Provides a means of integrating parts of a program during testing.
f) Facilitates the modification of specific program functionalities.
2. A specification of how a particular module is used is called the module’s Interface.
3. Program code that makes use of a given module is called a client of the module.
4. Indicate which of the following are true. A docstring in Python is
a) A string literal denoted by triple or double quotes.
b) A means of providing specification for certain program elements in Python.
c) A string literal that may span more than one line.
 • Top-down design is an approach for deriving a modular
design in which the overall design of a system is
developed first, deferring the specification of more
detailed aspects of the design until later steps.

Top-Down • Example: Developing a Modular Design of the Calendar

Year Program
Design
 Second Stage of
Modular Design
• The goal of modular design is that
each module provides clearly defined
functionality, which collectively
provide all of the required
functionality of the program.
• Modules get year and display
calendar year are not complex
enough to require further breakdown.
• On the other hand, Module construct
calendar year has to do most of the
work, therefore, further broken
down.
Specification of the Calendar Year Program Modules
• The modular design of the calendar year program provides a high-level view of
the program
• Since each module is to be implemented as a function, we need to specify the
details of each function.
• Example:
• For each function it needs to be decided if it is a value-returning function or a
non-value-returning function;
• what parameters it will take;
• what results it will produce.

• This stage of the design provides sufficient detail from which to implement the
program. The main module provides the overall construction of the program.
 MCQs
1. In top-down design (select one),
a) The details of a program design are addressed before the overall design.
b) The overall design of a program is addressed before the details.
2. All modular designs are a result of a top-down design process.
a) TRUE
b) FALSE
3. In top-down design, every module is broken down into the same number of submodules.
a) TRUE
b) FALSE
4. Which of the following advantages of modular design apply to the design of the calendar
program.
a) Provides a means for the development of well-designed programs.
b) Provides a natural means of dividing up programming tasks.
c) Provides a means of separately testing individual parts of a program.
 MCQs: Answer
1. In top-down design (select one),
a) The details of a program design are addressed before the overall design.
b) The overall design of a program is addressed before the details.
2. All modular designs are a result of a top-down design process.
a) TRUE
b) FALSE
3. In top-down design, every module is broken down into the same number of submodules.
a) TRUE
b) FALSE
4. Which of the following advantages of modular design apply to the design of the calendar
program.
a) Provides a means for the development of well-designed programs.
b) Provides a natural means of dividing up programming tasks.
c) Provides a means of separately testing individual parts of a program.
Python Module
• A Python module is a file containing Python definitions and statements.
• A module allows you to logically organize your Python code.
• A module can define functions, classes, variables and can also include
runnable code.
• Module Creation and Use: To create a module just save the code you want in a file
with the file extension .py.
• We can use the module we just created, by using the import statement.

Example: Module Creation Example: Using a Module

def greeting(name): import mymodule
  print("Hello, " + name) mymodule.greeting(“Bennett")
 Module Creation and Use: Variables in Module
• The module can contain functions, as already described, but also variables of all
types (arrays, dictionaries, objects etc.).

Module Creation: Save this code in the Module Use: Import the module named
file mymodule.py mymodule, and access the person1 dictionary

person1 = { import mymodule
a = mymodule.person1["age"]
  "name": "John",
print(a)
  "age": 36,
  "country": "Norway"
} Module Use: You can create the alias or rename
the module while using.
Create an alias for mymodule called mx

import mymodule as mx
a = mx.person1["age"]
print(a)
 Module Creation and Use: Example
2

Note: When using a function from a module, use the syntax: module_name.function_name.

Library Modules
• The Python Standard Library contains a set of predefined standard (built-in)
modules, which you can import whenever you want.
Example: Import and use the platform module:

import platform
x = platform.system()
print(x)

• There is a built-in function to list all the function names (or variable names) in a
module, i.e. dir() function.

Example: List all the defined names belonging to the platform module:

import platform
x = dir(platform)
print(x)
 Modules and Namespaces
• A namespace provides a
context for a set of
identifiers. Every module
in Python has its own
namespace.

• A name clash is when two

otherwise distinct entities
with the same identifier
become part of the same
scope.

• Namespaces provide a
means for resolving such
problems.
 Modules and Namespaces: Use of Fully Qualified Function Names
• Two instances of identifier double, each defined in their own module, are
distinguished by being fully qualified with the name of the module in which
each is defined: module1.double and module2.double.
• Example:
Example:
Importing Modules
• In Python, the main module of any program is identified as the first (“top-level”)
module executed.
• With the import modulename form of import in Python, the namespace of the
imported module becomes available to, but does not become part of, the
namespace of the importing module.
• Therefore, the identifiers of the imported module, must be fully qualified
(prefixed with the module’s name) when accessed.
 Import From Module
• You can choose to import only parts from a module, by using the from keyword.
• Syntax: from modulename import something
• Something can be a list of identifiers, a single renamed identifier, or an asterisk:

(a) from modulename import func1, func2

(b) from modulename import func1 as new_func1
(c) from modulename import *

• (a), only identifiers func1 and func2 are imported.

• (b), only identifier func1 is imported, renamed as new_func1 in the importing
module.
• (c), all of the identifiers are imported, except those which are private in module.
 Import From Module: Example
• The module named mymodule has • Import only the person1 dictionary
one function and one dictionary: from the module:

# mymodule from mymodule import person1
def greeting(name):
  print("Hello, " + name) print (person1["age"])

person1 = {
  "name": "John", Note: When using import modulename, the namespace
  "age": 36, of the imported module does not become part of the
  "country": "Norway" namespace of the importing module.
}

Note: With the from-import form of import, imported identifiers become part of the importing module’s namespace.
Because of the possibility of name clashes, import modulename is the preferred form of import in Python.
Import From Module: Example
Module Private Variables
• In Python, all the variables in a module are “public,” with the convention that
variables beginning with an two underscores are intended to be private.

• Public is accessible by any other module that imports it, whereas private is not
accessible in form of from modulename import *.

• Python does not provide any means for preventing access to variables or other
entities meant to be private.

• There is a convention that names beginning with two underscores (__) are
intended to be private.
Example: # mymodule
__def greeting(name):
   print("Hello, " + name)
Thank You