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UNIT-1 Basics of Computer Graphics: By: Medhavi Pandey

The document discusses various types of display devices: 1. CRT displays use an electron gun to produce a beam that illuminates phosphors on the screen to create an image. Color CRTs use shadow masks with red, green, and blue phosphors. 2. Flat panel displays like LCDs are thinner and lighter than CRTs. 3. Raster scan displays refresh images by sweeping an electron beam across the screen line by line, retrieving intensity values from a refresh buffer. Interlacing improves refresh rates. Image quality depends on resolution and color depth.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
51 views28 pages

UNIT-1 Basics of Computer Graphics: By: Medhavi Pandey

The document discusses various types of display devices: 1. CRT displays use an electron gun to produce a beam that illuminates phosphors on the screen to create an image. Color CRTs use shadow masks with red, green, and blue phosphors. 2. Flat panel displays like LCDs are thinner and lighter than CRTs. 3. Raster scan displays refresh images by sweeping an electron beam across the screen line by line, retrieving intensity values from a refresh buffer. Interlacing improves refresh rates. Image quality depends on resolution and color depth.

Uploaded by

Sanand Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT-1

Basics of Computer Graphics

By: Medhavi Pandey


OUTLINE
⮚Display Devices

Types of display devices:


• CRT
• Color CRT Monitors
1. Beam Penetration
2. Shadow Mask
• Direct View Storage Tube (DVST)
• Flat Panel Display
• Raster Scan
• Random Scan
CRT

• A CRT is an evacuated glass tube.

• An electron gun at the rear of the tube produces a beam of


electron which is directed towards the front of the tube (screen)
by a high voltage.

• The inner side of the screen is coated with phosphor substance


which gives off light when it is stroked by electron.

• The control grid voltage determines the velocity achieved by the


electrons before they hit the phosphor.
CRT Diagram
CRT
• The control grid voltage determines how many electrons are actually in the
electron beam.

• Thus, control grid controls the intensity of spot where the electron beam is
strike the screen.

• The focusing system concentrates the electron beam so that the beam
converges to a small point when it hits the phosphor coating.
CRT
• The deflection system of the CRT consists of two pairs of parallel plates,
referred to as the vertical and horizontal deflection plates.

• The voltage applied to vertical deflection of the electron beam and voltage
applied to the horizontal deflection plates controls the horizontal deflection of
the electron beam.

• There are two techniques used for producing images on the CRT screen :
Random Scan (Vector scan) and Raster Scan.
Color CRT Monitors

• A CRT monitor displays color pictures by using a combination of


phosphors that emit different color lights.

Methods :-

1. Beam Penetration

2. Shadow Mask
Beam Penetration Method
• Two layers of phosphor (red and green) are coated onto the inside of
the CRT screen.
• The display color depends on how far the electron beam penetrates
into the phosphor layers.
• The speed of the electrons, and the screen color at any point, is
controlled by the beam acceleration voltage.
• The beam penetration method:
• Used with random scan monitors.
• Only four colors are possible (red, green, orange, and yellow).
• Quality of pictures is not as good as with other methods.
Shadow Mask Method

• The color CRT has:


• Three color phosphor dots (red, green and blue) at each point on the screen
• Three electron guns, each controlling the display of red, green and blue light.
Shadow Mask Method

• When the three beams pass through a hole in the shadow mask, they
activate a dot triangle, which appears as a small color spot on the screen

• We obtain color variations by varying the intensity levels of the three


electron beams

• High-quality raster-graphics systems have 24 bits per pixel in the frame


buffer and nearly 17 million color choices for each pixel(full-color or
true-color system).
Shadow Mask Method

• We obtain color variations by varying the intensity levels of the three


electron beam.

• Advantages:

• Used in raster scan system (including color TV).

• Designed as RGB monitors.

• High quality raster graphics system have 24 bits per pixel in the frame
buffer (a full color system or a true color system).
Direct View Storage Tube
• It is rarely used now-a-days as part of display system.

• In DVST there is no refresh buffer; the images are created by drawing


vectors or line segment with relatively slow moving electron beam.

• It is one of the display devices in which an electron flood gun and writing
gun is present.

• The flood gun floods electrons to a wire grid on which already the writing
gun has written some image.
DVST Diagram
Direct View Storage Tube

• The electrons from the flood gun will be repelled back by the
negatively charged wire grid which has been charged so by the
writing electron beam.

• The part of the wire grid which has not been charged -ve will allow
the electrons to pass through and the electrons will collide on the
screen and produce the image.
Direct View Storage Tube
Advantages:-

• Refreshing CRT is not required.

• Complex picture can be displayed in high resolution without flicker

• It has flat screen.

Disadvantages –

• Do not display color and the selected parts of a picture cannot be erased.

• Erasing and redrawing take several seconds for complex pictures.


Flat Panel Display

• Flat Panel Display:

• It refers to a class of video devices that have a:-

• reduced volume, smaller, thinner

• reduced weight and

• reduced power requirements compared to a standard CRT

• Examples are LCD, Plasma display panel, LED ,panel and thin CRT.
Flat Panel Display
• Current usage:
• Small and big TV monitors
• Pocket video games
• Laptop computers
• Advertisement boards in
• elevators and showrooms.
• Portable monitors.
Raster Scan System
• In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across the screen,
one row at a time from top to bottom.
Raster Scan System

• As the electron beam moves across each row, the beam intensity is
turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated spots.
•Picture definition is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer
or frame buffer.

•Refresh buffer or frame buffer: This memory area holds the set of
intensity values for all the screen points.
Raster Scan System
• Stored intensity values then retrieved from refresh buffer and
“painted” on the screen one row (scan line) at a time.
Raster Scan System
• Intensity range for pixel positions depends on the capability of the
raster system.
• A black-and-white system: each screen point is either on or off, so
only one bit per pixel is needed to control the intensity of screen
positions.
• On a black-and-white system with one bit per pixel, the frame buffer
is called bitmap.
• For system with multiple bits per pixel, the frame buffer is called
pixmap.
Raster Scan System
• Sometimes, refresh rates are described in unit of cycles per second, or
Hertz (HZ).
• Refreshing on raster scan displays is carried out at the rate 60 to 80
frame per second
Raster Scan System
• Horizontal retrace: The return to the left of the screen, after
refreshing each scan line.
Raster Scan System
• Vertical retrace: At the end of each frame (displayed in 1/80th to 1/60th
of a second) the electron beam returns to the top left corner of the
screen to begin the next frame.
Interlacing
• On an older, 30 frame per-second, non-interlaced display, some
flicker is noticeable.
• With interlacing, each of the two passes can be accomplished in
1/60th of a second.
• An Effective technique to avoid a flicker.
Raster image

• The quality of a raster image is determined by the total number pixels


(resolution), and the amount of information in each pixel (color
depth).
Raster image
• Raster graphics cannot be scaled to a higher resolution without loss
of apparent quality.
Random Scan?

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