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DC-DC Converters

This document discusses DC-DC converters and their operation. It describes how output voltage ripple is calculated based on the capacitor current waveform for a finite capacitor. It also examines the boost converter and buck-boost converter circuits in detail, providing equations for their duty ratios, voltage and current relationships, and output voltage ripple calculations. Sample problems are worked through as examples to demonstrate the design and analysis of boost and buck-boost converters.

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47 views27 pages

DC-DC Converters

This document discusses DC-DC converters and their operation. It describes how output voltage ripple is calculated based on the capacitor current waveform for a finite capacitor. It also examines the boost converter and buck-boost converter circuits in detail, providing equations for their duty ratios, voltage and current relationships, and output voltage ripple calculations. Sample problems are worked through as examples to demonstrate the design and analysis of boost and buck-boost converters.

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رغد كنعان
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DC-DC Converters

• Output Voltage Ripple :


• The preceding equations were developed on
the assumption that the output voltage was a
constant, implying an infinite capacitance. In
practice, a finite capacitance will result in some
fluctuation in output voltage, or ripple.
• The peak-to-peak output voltage ripple can be
calculated from the capacitor current waveform
DC-DC Converters

(a) The boost converter circuit , (b) Equivalent circuit for the switch closed ; (c)
Equivalent circuit for the switch open.
DC-DC Converters

Boost converter waveforms. (a) Inductor voltage; (b) Inductor current; (c) Diode current; (d) Capacitor current.
DC-DC Converters
• The change in capacitor charge can be
calculated from

• An expression for ripple voltage is then


DC-DC Converters
• Where (ƒ) is the switching frequency.
Alternatively, expressing capacitance in terms
of output voltage ripple yields :
DC-DC Converters
• Example : Design a boost converter that will
have an output of 30 V from a 12-V source.
Design for continuous inductor current and an
output ripple voltage of less than one percent.
The load is a resistance of 50 .Assume ideal
components for this design.
DC-DC Converters
■ Solution:
• First, determine the duty ratio

• If the switching frequency is selected at 25 kHz


to be above the audio range, then the
minimum inductance for continuous current is
determined
DC-DC Converters
• To provide a margin to ensure continuous
current, let L = 120 µH. Note that (L) and (ƒ)
are selected somewhat arbitrarily and that
other combinations will also give continuous
current.
DC-DC Converters
• The minimum capacitance required to limit
the output ripple voltage to 1 percent is
determined :
DC-DC Converters
• THE BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
• Another basic switched-mode converter is the
buck-boost converter shown in Fig. 3-8 . The
output voltage of the buck-boost converter can
be either higher or lower than the input voltage.

Figure 3-8 Buck-boost converter circuit


DC-DC Converters
• Voltage and Current Relationships
• Assumptions made about the operation of the
converter are as follows:
 The circuit is operating in the steady state.
 The inductor current is continuous.
 The capacitor is large enough to assume a constant
output voltage.
 The switch is closed for time DT and open for (1-D)T.
 The components are ideal.
DC-DC Converters
• Analysis for the Switch Closed

Figure 3-8 (a) Buck-boost converter circuit; (b) Equivalent circuit for the switch closed

• When the switch is closed, the voltage across


the inductor is
DC-DC Converters
• The rate of change of inductor current is a
constant, indicating a linearly increasing
inductor current. The preceding equation can
be expressed as
DC-DC Converters
• Analysis for the Switch Open

Figure 3-8 (a) Buck-boost converter circuit; (c) Equivalent circuit for the switch open

• When the switch is open, the current in the inductor


cannot change instantaneously, resulting in a forward-
biased diode and current into the resistor and capacitor.
In this condition, the voltage across the inductor is
DC-DC Converters

• Again, the rate of change of inductor current is


constant, and the change in current is
DC-DC Converters
• For steady-state operation, the net change in
inductor current must be zero over one
period.

• Note that the output voltage has opposite


polarity from the source voltage.
DC-DC Converters

• Output voltage magnitude of the buck-boost


converter can be less than that of the source
or greater than the source, depending on the
duty ratio of the switch. If D > 0.5, the output
voltage is larger than the input; and if D < 0.5,
the output is smaller than the input.
DC-DC Converters
• The required duty ratio for specified input and
output voltages can be expressed as

• The average inductor voltage is zero for


periodic operation, resulting in
DC-DC Converters

Figure 3-9 Buck-boost converter waveforms. (a) Inductor current; (b) Inductor voltage; (c) Diode current; (d) Capacitor
current.
DC-DC Converters
• Note that the source is never connected
directly to the load in the buck-boost
converter. Energy is stored in the inductor
when the switch is closed and transferred to
the load when the switch is open. Hence, the
buck-boost converter is also referred to as an
indirect converter.
DC-DC Converters
• Power absorbed by the load must be the same
as that supplied by the source, where

• Average source current is related to average


inductor current by
DC-DC Converters

• Maximum and minimum inductor currents are


determined by :
DC-DC Converters
• For continuous current, the inductor current
must remain positive. To determine the
boundary between continuous and
discontinuous current, (Imin )is set to zero
DC-DC Converters
• Output Voltage Ripple
• The output voltage ripple for the buck-boost
converter is computed from the capacitor
current waveform of Fig. 3-9d.
DC-DC Converters
• Example :The buck-boost circuit of below figure
has these parameters:

• Determine the output voltage, inductor current


average, maximum and minimum values, and the
output voltage ripple.
DC-DC Converters
■ Solution
• Output voltage is determined by

• Inductor current is described by

• Continuous current is verified by Imin > 0


DC-DC Converters
■ Solution
• Output voltage ripple is determined by

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