The document provides information about transformers and DC motors. It discusses how transformers work, including their primary and secondary windings. It also explains how transformers are important for changing voltage levels for transmission and use. The document then discusses different types of DC motors, including permanent magnet, series, shunt, and compound motors. It describes the construction, operation, and characteristics of each type.
The document provides information about transformers and DC motors. It discusses how transformers work, including their primary and secondary windings. It also explains how transformers are important for changing voltage levels for transmission and use. The document then discusses different types of DC motors, including permanent magnet, series, shunt, and compound motors. It describes the construction, operation, and characteristics of each type.
The document provides information about transformers and DC motors. It discusses how transformers work, including their primary and secondary windings. It also explains how transformers are important for changing voltage levels for transmission and use. The document then discusses different types of DC motors, including permanent magnet, series, shunt, and compound motors. It describes the construction, operation, and characteristics of each type.
The document provides information about transformers and DC motors. It discusses how transformers work, including their primary and secondary windings. It also explains how transformers are important for changing voltage levels for transmission and use. The document then discusses different types of DC motors, including permanent magnet, series, shunt, and compound motors. It describes the construction, operation, and characteristics of each type.
Understand Transformers and solve related problems
Understand DC Motors TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a device that changes ac electric power at
one voltage level to ac electric power at another voltage level through the action of a magnetic field. It consists of two or more coils of wire wrapped around a common ferromagnetic core. These coils are (usually) not directly connected. The only connection between the coils is the common magnetic flux present within the core. The transformer winding connected to the power source is called the primary winding or input winding, and the winding connected to the loads is called the secondary winding or output winding. WHY TRANSFORMERS ARE IMPORTANT TO MODERN LIFE
220 kV or 500 kV 11-13 kV 11 kV
240 V THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Let Np turns of wire on its primary side and Ns turns of wire
on its secondary side. Vp(t) is voltage applied to the primary side of the transformer and the voltage Vs(t) is voltage produced on the secondary side. a is defined to be the turns ratio of the transformer. The current ip(t) is flowing into the primary side of the transformer and the current is(t) is flowing out of the secondary side of the transformer. The turns ratio of the ideal transformer affects the magnitudes of the voltages and currents, but not their angles. Power in an Ideal Transformer
Power supplied by the primary circuit: The output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its input power.
where θp is the angle between the primary voltage and the primary current The same relationship applies to reactive power Q and apparent power S: Power supplied by the secondary circuit:
where θs is the angle between the secondary voltage and the primary current
θs = θp The primary and secondary windings of an ideal
transformer have the same power factor. TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE REGULATION AND EFFICIENCY In real transformer, the output voltage of a transformer varies Transformers are also compared and with the load even if the input voltage remains constant. To judged on their efficiencies. conveniently compare transformers in this respect, it is customary to define a quantity called voltage regulation (VR). Full-load voltage regulation is a quantity that compares the output voltage of the transformer at no load with the output voltage at full load.
Usually it is a good practice to have as small a voltage
regulation as possible. For an ideal transformer, VR = 0 percent. DC MACHINE
An Electric motor is a machine which converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. Principle of operation: When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming’s Left Hand rule. The same physical machine can operate as either a motor or a generator-it is simply a question of the direction of the power flow through it. Their Constructional Features are also same. DC GENERATOR
Rotor is being rotated by a Prime Mover
Prime Mover
Electricity at the Armature!
DC MOTOR
Rotor starts to rotate!
Electricity is supplied at the Armature
Constructional Features of DC Motor INDUCED EMF IN DC MOTOR
Induced emf in single coil
e = d/dt Types of DC Motors
1. Permanent Magnet Motors
The permanent magnet motor uses a magnet to supply field flux. Permanent magnet DC motors have excellent starting torque capability with good speed regulation. A disadvantage of permanent magnet DC motors is they are limited to the amount of load they can drive. These motors can be found on low horsepower applications. Types of DC Motors
2. DC Series Motor In a series DC motor, the field is connected in series with the armature. The field is wound with a few turns of large wire because it must carry the full armature current.
A characteristic of series motors is the motor develops a large amount of starting
torque. However, speed varies widely between no load and full load. Series motors cannot be used where a constant speed is required under varying loads.
Additionally, the speed of a series motor with no load increases to the point where the motor can become damaged. Some load must always be connected to a series-connected motor. Types of DC Motors
3. Shunt DC Motor In a shunt motor, the field is connected in parallel (shunt) with the armature windings. The shunt-connected motor offers good speed regulation. The field winding can be separately excited or connected to the same source as the armature. An advantage to a separately excited shunt field is the ability of a variable speed drive to provide independent control of the armature and field. Types of DC Motors
4. Compound DC Motor Compound motors have a field connected in series with the armature and a separately excited shunt field. The series field provides better starting torque and the shunt field provides better speed regulation.
However, the series field can cause control problems in variable speed drive applications and is generally not used in four quadrant drives. 17 DC Motor Equivalent Circuit
KVL at Armature Circuit Motor Torque Speed of Motor
