188

Lecture 28: Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation and Variance &

216
Lecture 32: Independent and Dependent Events,
3.There are four fingers in a hand.

TRUE.
UNDERSTANDING STATEMENTS:
~ p ∧q
~p∧~q
w = “Zia is wealthy”
 q∨~r
r
q
T
 Implication law p→q ≡ ~(p∧~ q)
≡ ~[~(p ∧ ~q) ∧ (~r ∧ q)]
critical row
n
Q
1
Ac
∩ B is shaded
c
(5) Xc – Zc
Yc = U – Y = {1, 2, 3, …, 10
A∩B={

3 B
 3
6
7

Ac ∪ (B ∪ C) is shaded.
(A ∩ Bc) ∪ Cc is shaded.

B
3
2
3
A – (A – B) = { 2 }
 2 3

(A ∩ B)c = A c ∪ Bc
 B

A ∩ Bc
Bc
 2

onding pair of their elements is equal, i.e., a

×…× n , …, n}
(5,2) ∈ Z ×Z but 5-2 = 3 is not even

(6,6) ∈ E
(-1,7) ∈E
 (x, y) ∈C ⇔ x2 + y2 = 1

(0,0)

R
x
 ⎧ if , ∈ b ) (a
=⎨
i i

⎩ 0 if
2
3

⎣ 1⎥⎦
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and define relations R1,
 2

0 ⎥
 (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)}

s transitive.
 2

to 3 but no arrow from 1 to 3

∅ is not reflexive since (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4) ∉

f pRq then qRp ∀ p,q ∈A.

⎦
(1,3) & (3,1) ∈ R4 but 1 ≠ 3 nor symmetric
 1
⎢
⎢ 0
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ 0
3 a 3 k is an integer

r and
 r

s
r) (by substitution)
rs
1 ∈X does not ppear as the first element in any ordered pair in

ment y of Y that is related to x by f is denoted f(x) and is called

b.
2
 (1,1)

x
 a
a

b v
 2.
.u

.v

X
⎛⎞ 1
⎜⎟ = =
⎝ 2 2

2
⎜⎛ 2⎟⎞= = =
⎝⎠ 4
 2
2 (squaring both sides)
2 2

2.
f-1(C∪D) = f-1(C) ∪ f-1((D)
A+B A⋅B
f(x1)=f(x2)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4

2
2
2
.y 2

1
x -2 0 x
X=domain of f
 such
x =

⎜y ⎟ +1⎞

m +1
n= 4
1
4

x
f: Z →Z+ define as f(x) = |x|
Z+ × Z+ defined

g: Z+ → Z+
x13 = x23
x 13 - x 23 = 0

x3 = y
x = (y)1/3
x O(0,0)
.7

.8

.9
 k
= k
k +1

= , 2 a = a3 = 1 == ,
11 3 4 2

n for all integers n ≥ 0

REMARK:-

= ,
11 31

11
22

i 2
for all integers i ≥ 1
(i +1)
 1 = first term = a = a + (1-1) d

a3 = third term = a + 2d = a + (3 -1) d

n≥1
 −1
1 ⎜⎟

⎜ 1⎟
5
⎛⎞
⎜⎟ =

⇒
 +" +
n a 1

i ∑
=0
2

∑ =a + a + a = 22 2
0 j

2)
n
( 1) −1) ( 1) ( 1)
= + +" +
i +1
 k n
+1 j +1
(changing variable) =

∑ k ) ∑ + b =
k

n n
∑ ∑= c
bi
k + i ∑ =

bi

∑ −
n
= ∑ ++
 n n
− ∑ ∑ + k

⇒
To find n, we use the formula

n
(a l)
2
9(60 380)
2

as: a + ar + ar2
 ⎟
10
⎝

n−1 a(1− n r )
a n
2
+" + + ar= ar + ar
1− r

|r| < 1, then rn → 0 as n → ∞

st
term = a =1, d = 5 – 1= 4, so the kth term
Different course modules
Basic Arithmetic Operations
Starting Microsoft (MS) Excel
respectively.
XAMPLE 1. ACCUMULATION FACTOR (AF) FOR n PAYMENTS
Organize and interpret data using matrices
Use matrices in business applications
Add and subtract two matrices
Multiply a matrix by a scalar
Multiply two matrices
 R=
P=
Dimensions of
the Matrices
M
U
L
T
⎡ 3
⎣−5 ⎦
The ratio, "7 to 5" (or 7 : 5 or 7/5), tells you that, of every 7 + 5 = 12 students, five failed.
Manufacturer
Middleman
Retailer
 ε
= x + ε
Univariate
Bivariate Frequency
Univariate
Bivariate Frequency
f

481 144.30
1965 19

MALE
MALE
Imports
(Crores of Rs.)
Imports
Exports
 (f − )(

= ×3
(14− ) ( 4 +
4
2
 Sum of all the observations
Number of the observations

∑ =
i
k

∑f i i X i

∑
Class

1135
37 .85
363+301+.....+339+398

1134 7
= 37.82
30
 32
8
4

× 100
 ∑WX
w=
∑Wi

w
4 above

4 above
 = 16 passengers

18 + 23

169
~ ⎛ ⎞
h n
= − + ⎟
⎝ 2
WAGES OF WORKERS
M
 ⎞
l h ⎜3 n
+
3 − c ⎟
f ⎝
 ⎛
h 2n − c⎞
⎜
f 100

h 3n
⎜
f 100
Yearly
 30
15
2

5
0
5
0
20
15
10

2995 3295
 1 X2 + ....+ ]log X

9
45× 32× 37× 46× 39× 36× 41× 48× 36

32
 1
[ X X k X ] + log + ... f +
n 1 2

∑ f

Car
+
 1

= = 42
10
 n
⎛ ⎞
1
∑⎜ ⎟
⎝ X ⎠
110
= 11
10

9 6
+ + + + +
20 20 20 20

20
=
x0 + x
Area A
 Area
5 B
 )( m Midrange )

Midrange − X

Xm − 0 X
 Mid −

Xm + 0

Q3 − 1 Q
= 105 Shares
 Quartile Deviation
Mid − Quartile Range
3

3 Q
= 1
, Q
3 + QQ 1
∑
n
Number of fatalities

Number of fatalities
∑ X
4
=
7 n
 14
= = .
7

i
 2
∑( x
∑
2
(x − x

42
= 6

2
 (

∑ f x

⎪∑
2
⎫
⎜∑
2
⎧ fx
⎟ −
⎪ n ⎪
⎧ ⎛ ⎫ 2
⎪78781.25 5
−
⎪ 100
 S
X

×100 = 20 5 per cent,

×100 = 37 3 per cent.

×100 = 17.24 per c

n ⎞
Pr ⎟
r
 and =
⎠

n⎞ ⎛n⎞
⎜ = ⎜1 = ⎟ ⎟
0 ⎝n ⎠

n⎞ ⎛ n
= n ⎜ =
⎜1 ⎟ n − 1
 = = ⎟

⎛
⎜n⎞ = ⎜52⎞ = 52 ⎟ 51× 50 ⎟×
r ⎝5 ⎠
 m
() =
n
 ()

n( ) 7
() = .
n( ) S
 ⎛3 9 3 9
() ⎟ +⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ =
⎜⎝ 0 1 3 ⎠ ⎝
() Lim m
n→∞ n
.2
 Proportion
Rural Districts of
of M
Dorset

(Inductive,
() 1 P

1
()
16
 10 ⎜
()
2

⎛10⎞⎟ 3 ⎛ ⎜13 ⎟
( 2
= ÷⎜ , )
⎜⎝ 1 2 ⎠
( a) nd
=
( )