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4.spillway and Location

1. The document discusses different types of spillways for dams, classifying them based on purpose, control, and prominent features. 2. Controlled spillways have gates to regulate water flow, while uncontrolled spillways rely solely on reservoir water levels. 3. Common spillway types include overflow, chute, side channel, shaft, siphon, conduit, and labyrinth spillways.

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Muleta
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64 views46 pages

4.spillway and Location

1. The document discusses different types of spillways for dams, classifying them based on purpose, control, and prominent features. 2. Controlled spillways have gates to regulate water flow, while uncontrolled spillways rely solely on reservoir water levels. 3. Common spillway types include overflow, chute, side channel, shaft, siphon, conduit, and labyrinth spillways.

Uploaded by

Muleta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNITY UNIVERSITY

Chapter four
Spillway and Location

Academic year 2019/20


Semester- I Instructor
Eng. Debebe Muleta (MSc)
The spillway discharge should not exceed the safe discharge capacity
of the downstream channel to avoid its flooding.
Types of spillways
The spillways can be classified into different
types based on the various criteria
A. Classification based on purpose
Main (or service) spillway
Auxiliary spillway
Emergency spillway
B. Classification based on control
Controlled (or gated) spillway
Uncontrolled (or ungated) spillway
i. Controlled spillway

A controlled spillway has mechanical structures or gates to regulate the rate of flow
of water from the reservoir
This design allows nearly the full height of the dam to be used for water storage year-
round, and flood waters can be released as required by opening one or more gates
ii. Uncontrolled spillway
An uncontrolled spillway, in contrast, does not have gates;
when the water rises above the lip or crest of the spillway it begins to be released
from the reservoir.
 The rate of discharge is controlled only by the depth of water within the reservoir.
All of the storage volume in the reservoir above the spillway crest can be used only
for the temporary storage of floodwater, and cannot be used as water supply storage
because it is normally empty.
Types of spillways
C. Classification based on prominent feature
1. Free over-fall (or straight drop) spillway
2. Overflow or Ogee spillway
3. Chute (or open channel or trough) spillway
4. Side-channel spillway
5. Shaft (or morning glory) spillway
6. Siphon spillway
7. Conduit (or tunnel) spillway
8. Cascade spillway
9. Labyrinth Spillways
1. Free over-fall (Straight Drop) Spillway
 Water flows over a relatively thin spillway crest and falls freely
to the downstream.
 Usually appropriate for thin dams having almost vertical
downstream faces.
 This type of spillways may be economical for low heads as
compared with overflow spillways (discussed next) because of
saving in concrete.
 Not recommended for high heads because of structural
instability problems.
 Suitable for arch
2. Overflow (ogee) spillway
 Overflow spillways are also called ogee-shaped (S-shaped)

spillways.

 This type of spillways allows the passage of the flood wave over its

crest (which is S-shaped).

 Can be classified under controlled or uncontrolled.

 Most commonly used as the integral overflow

section of a concrete dam, such as Gravity dams, Arch dams, and

Buttress dams.
Gated (ogee crest) spillway
3. Chute (or open channel or trough) spillway

It open channel or trough spillway, is one whose discharge is conveyed from the reservoir to

the downstream river level through an open channel, placed either along a dam abutment or

through a saddle

Chute spillways are common and basic in design as they transfer excess water from behind

the dam down a smooth decline into the river below.

The spillway’s slope and its’ sides are lined with concrete.

In case of having sufficient stiff foundation conditions at the spillway location, a chute

spillway may be used instead of overflow spillway due to economic consideration.


 Chute spillways can be ingrained with a baffle of concrete blocks but usually have a 'flip lip'
and/or dissipator basin which creates hydraulic jump, protecting the toe of the dam from
erosion.
 Adopted in a site where a suitable foundation with moderate depth of excavation is available
where topography of the site permits the use of a relatively short channel
4. Side channel spillways
 If a sufficient crest length is not available for an overflow or
chute spillways in narrow valleys, excess water is removed from
the reservoir through a side channel spillway.
 The side channel through which water is discharged can also be
lined with concrete to prevent erosion and subsequent
sedimentation in dams on the course of the river.
 Suitable for earth or rock-fill dams in narrow canyons and for
other situations where direct overflow is not permissible
5. Shaft (or morning glory) spillway
is constructed near the crest of the Dam with height less than that of the crest.
Used advantageously at dam sites in narrow canyons where abutments rise steeply
The shaft spillway is constructed when the types of spillways mentioned before in this
section of the report cannot be constructed due to a lack of space.
When the shaft is completely submerged, further increase in head will not result in
appreciable increase in discharge.
This type of spillway is not suitable for large capacity and deep reservoirs because of
stability problems.
Special designs are required to handle cavitation damage at the transition between
shaft and tunnel.
Repair and maintenance of shaft spillways are difficult
bell mouthed shaft spillway
6. Siphon spillway
A siphon spillway is similar to a shaft spillway but instead is
incorporated into the dam as shown in figure.
The presence of a siphon spillway weakens a dam at certain points,
so the dam has to be reinforced at these weak points incurring extra
cost.
Maintenance of this spillway is very difficult.
Siphon spillways comprise usually of five components, which
include an inlet, an upper leg, a throat or control section, a lower leg
and an outlet.
Used when there is a desire for an automatic operation without
mechanical parts and the discharge to be passed is small
Saddle siphon
7. Conduit (or tunnel) spillway
Where a closed channel is used to convey the discharge around a dam
through the adjoining hill sides, the spillway is often called a tunnel or
conduit spillway
Used advantageously at dam sites in narrow canyons where abutments rise
steeply
8. Cascade Spillways
Cascade or stepped spillway has recently been used as alternative to the
conventional overflow spillways for small to medium discharges.
The spillway is composed of series of steps where excessive energy of
the flow is dissipated.
Shorter stilling basin is required compared to the conventional overflow
spillway.
The spillway face requires higher sidewalls due to the increased turbulence
over the steps.
Details of the performance of such structures needed to be investigated
through hydraulic mode studies.
9. Labyrinth Spillways
A labyrinth spillway is composed of a crest formed by series of
this staggered walls such that a given discharge can pass under a
small head because of the large spillway length afforded.
Flow conditions around these structures are highly complicated.
Intensive physical model studies are required to check their
performance.
Component Parts of a Spillway
Location of Spillway :
 Within the body of the dam
 At one end of dam.
 Entirely away from it, independently in a
saddle
Location of spillway
Generally, the spillways are provided at the following places
Spillways may be provided within the body of the dam
Spillways may sometimes be provided at one side or both sides of
the dam.
Sometimes by-pass spillway is provided which is completely
separate from the dam.
Topography and geology, with selected subsurface explorations,
have greater influence on the location and type of spillway than
any other factors.
THE END!

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