Welcome
to
II B.Tech - II Semester
MATERIAL SCIENCE
By
Dr. S. M. SWAMY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
GNITS, Hyderabad– 500104, Telangana, India.
UNIT-I
Introduction.
Classification of engineering materials.
Levels of structure.
Structure property relationships in materials.
Atomic Bonding – Ionic, Covalent, metallic Bonding,
Hydrogen and Vander Waal’s bonding.
Crystal Structure: -Basic definitions, Space lattice.
Crystal structures of metals:
1. Simple cubic structure
2. Body centered cubic structure
3. Face centered cubic structure
4. Hexagonal closely packed structures
5. packing of atoms inside solids.
Classification of polymers
structure of long chain polymers
structure of silica and silicates.
Classification of engineering Materials:
Engineering materials are the materials used to for the
application of engineering works.
Based on the mechanical, physical, chemical and
manufacturing properties, materials are selected according to
the application.
Mechanical properties of the materials are; strength
(compressive or tensile), toughness, stiffness, elasticity,
plasticity, ductility, brittleness and hardness.
Physical properties of materials are: density,
conductivity (thermal or electrical), acoustical (sound
transmission or absorption), optical, combustibility
(substance that burn easily).
Chemical properties of materials are: composition
(oxide or compound), acidity and weathering corrosion.
Manufacturing properties of materials are: castability,
machinability rating, machining speeds and feeds and for
dimensioning purpose shape and size.
The selection of material for the required functioning
application is based on some of the following factors:
Stresses to the work piece or component will be
subjected.
Corrosion resistance, temperature, wear and tear
resistance.
Flexibility, rigidity, easiness of the manufacturing
process.
Cost effectiveness for the product development.
Availability of the material.
Depending upon the nature of substance materials are
classified as:
Metals and alloys
Ceramics
Polymers
Composites
Semi conductors
Bio materials
Metals and Alloys:
Metals and alloys include steels, aluminum, magnesium,
zinc, cast iron, titanium, copper, and nickel.
An alloy is a metal that contains additions of one or
more metals or non-metals.
In general, metals have good electrical and thermal
conductivity.
Metals and alloys have relatively high strength, high
stiffness, ductility and shock resistance.
The Pure metals are not good enough for many
applications, especially structural applications.
Thus metals are used in alloy form i.e. a metal mixed
with another metal to improve the desired qualities.
E.g.: aluminum, steel, brass, gold, and the nonmetallic
elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in
relatively small amounts.
Ceramics:
Ceramics can be defined as inorganic crystalline
materials. Examples of naturally occurring ceramics beach
sand and rocks.
Ceramics are also used in consumer products(paints and
tires) and industrial applications(tiles).
Advanced ceramics are used in house computer chips,
sensors and capacitors, wireless communications,
inductors, and electrical insulation.
Traditional ceramics are used to make bricks,
tableware, toilets, bathroom sinks, refractories (heat-
resistant material), and abrasives.
In general ceramics must be heated to very high
temperatures before melting. They can be used in load-
bearing applications, such as impellers in turbine engines.
Ceramics are typically partly crystalline and partly
amorphous.
Atoms in ceramic materials behave mostly like either
positive or negative ions, and are bound by very strong
coulomb forces between them.
Ceramic materials are characterized by very high
strength under compression, low ductility; usually
insulators to heat and electricity.
Examples: glass, porcelain(a white vitrified translucent
ceramic), cement ect., ceramic materials are relatively stiff,
strong and very hard.
On the other hand, they are extremely brittle (lack
ductility) and are highly susceptible to fracture.
Figure. Common objects that are made of ceramic materials: scissors, a
china tea cup, a building brick, a floor tile, and a glass vase.
Glass-Ceramics:
Glass is an amorphous material. The term “amorphous”
refers to materials that do not have a regular, periodic
arrangement of atoms.
The fiber optics industry is founded on optical fibers
based on high purity silica glass.
Glasses are also used in houses, cars, computer and
television screens, and hundreds of other applications.
Glasses can be thermally treated (tempered) to make
them stronger.
Forming glasses and nucleating small crystals within
them by a special thermal process creates materials that
are known as glass-ceramics.
Zerodur( lithium aluminosilicate glass, with its very low
coefficient of thermal expansion can be used to produce
mirrors) is an example of a glass-ceramic material that is
used to make the mirror and large telescopes (e.g., the
Chandra and Hubble telescopes).
Glasses and glass-ceramics are usually processed by
melting and casting.
Polymers:
Polymers are typically organic materials. Polymers
include the plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are
organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon,
hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (viz. O, N, and
Si).
Polymers in the form of thermo-plastics (nylon,
polyethylene, pvc, rubber, etc.) consist of molecules that
have covalent bonding within each molecule and van der
Waals forces between them.
Polymers typically are good electrical and thermal
insulators. They have lower strength and very good
strength-to-weight ratio.
They are typically not suitable for use at high
temperatures.
Many polymers have very good resistance to corrosive
chemicals. Polymers have thousands of applications
ranging from bulletproof vests, compact disks (CDs),
ropes, and liquid crystal displays (LCDs) to clothes and
coffee cups.
Thermoplastic polymers, in which the long molecular
chains are not rigidly connected, have good ductility and
formability.
Thermosetting polymers are stronger but more brittle
because the molecular chains are tightly linked.
One major drawback of the polymers is their tendency
to decompose at modest temperatures. Furthermore, they
have low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.
Figure. Common objects that are made of polymeric materials: plastic
tableware (spoon, fork, and knife), billiard balls, a bicycle helmet, two
dice, a lawnmower wheel (plastic hub and rubber tire), and a plastic milk
carton.
Semiconductors:
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are
intermediate between the electrical conductors (viz.
metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz. ceramics and
polymers).
Semiconductors are covalent in nature. Silicon,
germanium, and gallium are used in computers and
electronics are part of a broader class of materials known
as electronic materials.
The electrical conductivity of semiconducting materials
is between that of ceramic insulators and metallic
conductors.
In some semiconductors, the level of conductivity can be
controlled to enable electronic devices such as transistors,
diodes, etc., that are used to build integrated circuits.
In many applications, we need large single crystals of
semiconductors. These are grown from molten materials.
Composite Materials:
These are formed from two or more materials. Concrete,
plywood, and fiberglass are examples of composite
materials.
The glass fibers make the polymer stiffer, without
increasing its density. With composites, we can produce
lightweight, strong, ductile, temperature-resistant
materials.
Advanced aircraft and aerospace vehicles used as carbon
fiber-reinforced polymers. Sports equipment such as
bicycles, golf clubs and tennis rackets.
An example of composites are reinforced cement
concrete and structural composite obtained by combining
cement, sand (fine aggregate), gravel (coarse aggregate),
and, thick steel fibers.
However, there are some natural composites available in
nature, for example – wood and bone. In general,
composites are classified according to their matrix
materials.
The main classes of composites are metal-matrix,
polymer-matrix, and ceramic-matrix.
The fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong, flexible, ductile
and it has a low density.
Another technically important materials is the “carbon
fiber reinforced polymer” composite—carbon fibers that
are embedded within a polymer.
These materials are stiffer and stronger than the glass
fiber reinforced materials, yet they are more expensive.
The CFRP composites are used in some aircraft and
aerospace applications, as well as high-tech sporting
equipment (e.g., bicycles, golf clubs, tennis rackets, and
skis/snowboards).
Biomaterials:
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted
into the human body for replacement of diseased or
damaged body parts.
Primary requirement of these materials is that they must
be biocompatible with body tissues, and must not produce
toxic substances.
Other important material factors are: ability to support
forces; low friction, wear, density, and cost; reproducibility.
All of the above materials—metals, ceramics, polymers,
composites, and semiconductors—may be used as
biomaterials.
Typical applications involve heart valves, hip joints,
dental implants, intraocular lenses.
Examples: Stainless steel, Co-28Cr-6Mo, Ti-6Al-4V, ultra
high molecular weight poly- ethelene, high purity dense
Al-oxide, etc.
Cobalt chromium based alloys, the Co-28Cr-6Mo. Ti-
6Al-4V titanium alloy with a high strength-to-weight
ratio and excellent corrosion resistance.
Advanced Materials:
Materials used in "High-Tec" applications, usually
designed for maximum performance, and normally
expensive.
Examples are titanium alloys for supersonic airplanes,
magnetic alloys for computer disks, special ceramics for
the heat shield of the space shuttle, etc.
Modern Material's Needs:
Requires high temperature withstanding materials use
of nuclear energy requires solving problem with residues.
Hypersonic flight requires materials that are light,
strong and resist high temperatures.
Optical communications require optical fibers that
absorb light negligibly.
Civil construction – materials for unbreakable windows.
Structures: materials that are strong like metals and
resist corrosion like plastics.
THANK YOU
