2 D Elements
2 D Elements
2-D elements
•Triangular elements
•Rectangular or quadrilateral
elements.
Let
Substituting in equation
Substituting in equation
Shape functions for a triangular element with three nodes as
vertices are given by
Let
Solving the equations we get
Rectangular Element with Four nodes at Vertices
In matrix form
We know
Substituting these values
Note that we have considered two degree of freedoms ui
and vi at each node.
..……………..Eq(2)
Considering equations (1) and (2), we can write stiffness matrix [K]e
as
we have
Interpolation functions are given by
Now
Evaluate the stiffness matrix for the
CST element shown below.
Coordinates are in mm.
Assume plain stress conditions.
At node 2,
At node 1
For Φ6
Natural coordinates for triangular elements
(1) Each of the natural coordinates varies from 0 to 1.
(2) The three natural coordinates are not independent of each
other but bound by the relation
We get
Putting i = 1, 2, 3 and using relations
In general when quadratic or higher order triangular elements
are used, the derivatives are obtained by using
Where
STRESS SNALYSIS USING FOUR NODE QUADRILATERAL ELEMENT
We need to use natural coordinate and coordinate
transformation to simplify the analysis considering
quadrilateral element.
• The nodal displacements are in x-y coordinates only and not in
ξ and η coordinates.
•Also ξ and η axes may not be orthogonal when transformed into
x-y axes.
Hence, we write the strain-displacement relations in x-y
coordinates as given in equation.
Since u and v are functions of x and y, where x and y are functions of
ξ and η after transformation, we can use chain rule for partial
differentiation as
we know that
We have the equation
Now, if we write
Substituting the value of J-1 in the equation
We have the strain equation
In matrix form
Differentiating w.r.t. ξ and η , we get
Combining the three
equations, we get
Where,
and
Stress-strain relation may be written as
where i and j are the number of Gauss points along ξ and η coordinates and
wi and wj are respective weight coefficients.
Gauss Quadrature Method
In Gauss Quadrature method, we convert the given function
in terms of another variable ξ such that the interval a to b is
converted into (-1) to ( + 1).
The new coordinates thus formed are called as natural
coordinates and the conversion of the function is called as
normalization of the function.
Step 1: Convert the variable x to another variable £ such that
the interval a to b is changed to -1 to +1. The relation between x
and ξ can be deduced as shown in fig.
Solution
And
Thus the integral reduces to
Since nodal deflections remain same for the two elements we can
conclude that up and vp will remain the same whether we consider
the edge on element 1 or 2.
Thus, we can say that compatibility of displacements can be
ensured for bilinear rectangular elements.
Convergence Criteria
The solution obtained from Finite Element Analysis is always an
approximate one and not exact.
However, it is possible to reduce error to a minimum acceptable
level.
When this happens, we say that solution converges.
solution.
Besides these criteria, convergence can be improved by reducing
the size of the elements i.e. increasing number of elements in
which case we call h-convergence or by increasing the degree of
polynomial in which case we call p-convergence.
Iso-parametric element
Generally it is very difficult to represent the curved boundaries
by straight edge elements.
A large number of elements may be used to obtain reasonable
resemblance between original body and the assemblage.
In order to overcome this drawback, iso-parametric elements
are used.
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same
as number of nodes used defining the displacements, then it is
known as iso-parametric element.
Subparametric element
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than
number of nodes used for defining the displacements, then it is
known as subparametric element.
Super parametric element
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is more
than number of nodes used for defining the displacements, then
it is known as super parametric element.
Patch T est
Patch test is a simple test to ensure that the element which we
have formulated satisfies all the convergence criteria.
Following procedure is followed to carry out the patch test.
1. Assemble a small number of elements to form a patch.
2. See that at least one node, shared by two or more elements, lies