Draw Frame
Draw Frame
• Introduction:
• It has significant influence on quality of yarn especially evenness.
• If drawframe is not properly adjusted, yarn strength and
elongation will also be affected.
• Drawframe is the definitive compensation point for eliminating
errors.
• Inadequacies in the product leaving the drawframe not only pass
into the yarn, they are actually reinforced by drafting effects
following the drawframe.
• High-performance drawframes currently produce over 400 kg of
sliver per hour at each delivery.
• Therefore leveling drawframes are a must for every modern
short staple spinning mill
History of Drafting
• Lewis Paul is the inventor of drafting by roller.
• This invention was incorporated by Arkwright in his drawing
frame in 1775.
• Invention of stop motion by James Smith in 1841 and coiling
system by Jotham and Cheetham made the draw frame into
an acceptable one by industry.
• Passage of card Sliver Through conventional Draw frame: It
can be divided into three sections;
• 1. Feeding Section,
• 2. Drafting section
• 3. Condensing section
• For carded yarns the material usually passes two draw frames ,
arranged one after the other and combined to form a group.
• An exception is the rotor spinning mill where 1 passage is used.
• However, a second passage after the comber is superfluous,
since this does not produce any improvement in quality. It
usually adversely affects quality due to excessive parallelization
of the fibers. However D/F used has to be a leveling D/F.
1– Normal processing lines; 1. card; 2. drafting module for card;
3. drawframe; 4. combing preparation, 5. combing machine; 6. roving
frame; 7. rotor spinning machine, 8. ring spinning machine
THE TASK OF THE DRAW FRAME
• Improving evenness over the short, medium and – especially –
long term.
• Short-wave sliver evenness is not the sole criterion for
evaluating the performance of the draw frame.
• It is mistake to assume that sliver evenness especially over short
lengths can be significantly improved by using several passages.
• A second passage brings hardly any improvement and a third
can actually lead to deterioration.
• It is important to find the optimum rather than seek maximum.
• Equalizing is always performed by doubling, and can optionally
also be performed by additional autoleveling.
• The draft and the doublings often have the same value and are
in the range of 6 (short fibers) to 8 (medium and long fibers).
Parallelizing
• To obtain an optimal value for strength in the yarn
characteristics, the fibers must be arranged parallel in the fiber
strand.
• D/F fulfills parallelizing by means of the draft, since every
drafting step leads to straightening of the fibers.
• The value of the draft must be adapted to the material, i.e. to
several fiber parameters, mainly:
• The staple length;
• the mass of the fibers;
• the volume of the strand;
• the degree of order (parallel disposition).
Blending
• Doubling also provides a degree of compensation of raw material
variations by blending.
• At the drawframe, metering of the individual components can be
carried out very simply by selection of the number of slivers
entering the machine.
Dust removal
• It is important to remove dust to the greatest practical extent at
every possible point within the overall process.
• Dust ignificant degree when there are high levels of fiber/fiber or
fiber/metal friction.
• Such friction arises especially on the card and the draw frame.
• The drawframe is therefore a good dust-removing machine.
• High-performance drawframes are equipped with appropriate
suction systems
1 : Feed Can, 2. Infeed Roller pair, 3. Drafting rollers, 4:
trumpet, 5: Trumpet, 6: Coiler, 7 Delivery can
Doublings 4 to 8
Draft up to 12
Delivery hank [ktex] 1.25 to 7
Waste [%] 0.1 to 1
Top Rollers
• The necessity of top rollers being covered by leather or
synthetic.
• If the tope rollers were plain, smooth and metallic, the grip
between top and bottom rollers would never be satisfactory.
• If top rollers were fluted, with thier flutes meshing into each
other, the heavy pressure imposed would crush the fibres.
• The top rollers are solid and made of cast iron in early days.
The cork or leather was used as a covering, the bare top roller
were plain.
• With the synthetic cots which are spirally grooved, the bare top
rollers are also given a light spiralling to hold the cot more
firmly.
• On conventional D/F, a soft cushioned top roller is made to
work in slides or brass bearing
Drafting Speed
• Over the decades draw frame speed at level of 30 m/min has
been regarded as an almost insuperable barries, to day thier
are designs capable of running at speed of 500 and even 600
m/min. If the sliver weight increase from 4 g/m to 6 g/m
observable during this period is taken into account also,
production will seem to have risen 30 times over from 5 to
150 kg/h.
• Apart from the machine design, type of raw material
influences the level of drafting speed. It appears that two
effects govern the ultimate product characteristics. Inertial
effect in the drafting have improves the regularity, whereas
stretchability of fibres tends to reduce irregularity. The
ultimate result depends upon the predominent effect of one
over another
• However, for blended materials, the constituents fibres must
be compatible for avoiding deblending at higher speed.
• Among the many problems, most commonly occuring
problems are as follows:
• Roller slippage
• High tension draft
• Over parallelization
• Improper pinion changes
• Improper roller settings
• Roller lapping
• Drafting irregularities.
• In certain cases, when the weighting on draw frame can not be
increased to the desired level, the roller setting must be made
wider or the sliver must be made lighter.
• One of the purpose of proper roller setting is to remove hooks
& crimp in the fibres.
• In order to exercise control over yarn count variation “In-
process length” of fibres is to be measured and according to
the “in-process length” the roller settings are to be maintained.
• “In-process length” is the length of the fibres in the fibre fleece
as they are coming out of a drafting zone before they are
condensed in the form of sliver. Digital Fibrograph is a popular
instrument to measure the ‘in-process length’ of the fibres in
terms of span length. This instrument is also provided with a
sliver clamp which can be used to measure the span length
both in the forward & backward direction of a fibre fleece
• Optimum settings are those which gives a minimum difference
in 2.5% span length between forward & backward direction of
the fibre fleece.. Count variation could be expected to be low
only at the optimum setting.
• For determining the above parameters, when the material pass
through the back zone of the breaker draw framw, the front
zone was made inoperative. The 2.5% span length og the fibre
on the fleece coming out of the back zone was measured in the
forward & backward directions. The trial was repeated for
different setting, to obtain minimum difference between
forward & backward direction. The difference in 2.5% span
length between forward & backward directions & those fibre
fleece is left to be proportional to the quantity of hooked fibres.
• After optimum setting at the back zone, the trail is repaeted for
front zone. Once the breaker drawframe settings are optimized,
the trial is repaeted for finisher draw frame also.
• Earlier the roller setting was based on effective length concept.
• Roller settings (mm) = Effective length + allowance
• Effective length is derived from a knowledge of the full length
of the fibres in the sample. Span length (mm) obtained from
Digital Fibrograph can be compared with baer Sorter
measurement by using a regression equation as below:
• Y = mX+C, Y= Effective length (mm), X= 2.5% span lengthv
(mm), m = 1.013, c = 4.39.
• Studies on the propoerties of yarn and sliver produced using
setting based on effective length and span length concept as
conducted by SITRA are given in Table
Name of Cotton 134 MCU5 DCH-32
Count Spun (Ne) 20’s 40’s 80’s
Draw Frame Setting A B A B A B
Breaker Front zone 34 34 38 38 41 44
Back zone 38 38 42 44 48 48
Finisher Front zone 34 36 38 40 44 44
Back zone 38 40 42 46 48 50
Cv of Count (%) 3.3 2.8 3.5 2.8 3.6 3.6
CV of Strength (%) 7.2 6.7 7.4 6.5 7.7 6.8