Aggregate Functions

• Find the total number of instructors who

teach a course in the Spring 2010 semester.

• select count (distinct ID)

• from teaches
• where semester = ’Spring’ and year = 2010
 Aggregate Functions
• Find the number of tuples in the course
relation.
 Aggregate Functions
• Find the number of tuples in the course
relation.

• select count (*)

• from course ;

• SQL does not allow the use of distinct with

count (*)
 Grouping
• There are circumstances where we would like
to apply the aggregate function not only to a
single set of tuples, but also to a group of sets
of tuples.
• We specify this in SQL using the group by
clause.
 Grouping
• Find the average salary in each department.
 Grouping
• Find the average salary in each department.

• select dept_name, avg (salary ) as avg_salary

• from instructor
• group by dept_name;
 Grouping
Any attribute that is not present in the group by
clause must appear only inside an aggregate
function if it appears in the select clause.
• Otherwise the query is treated as erroneous.
• /* erroneous query */
• select dept_name, ID, avg (salary )
• from instructor
• group by dept_name;
 Grouping
• Find the number of instructors in each department
who teach a course in the Spring 2010 semester.
 Grouping
• Find the number of instructors in each
department who teach a course in the Spring
2010 semester.

• select dept_name, count (distinct ID) as

instr_count
• from instructor natural join teaches
• where semester = ’Spring’ and year = 2010
• group by dept_name;
 Having Clause
• Having clause is useful to state a condition
that applies to groups rather than to tuples.
• Any attribute that is present in the having
clause without being aggregated must
appear in the group by clause, otherwise the
query is treated as erroneous.
• SQL applies predicates in the having clause
after groups have been formed.
 Having Clause
• Find only those departments where the average
salary of the instructors is more than $42,000.
 Having Clause
• Find only those departments where the
average salary of the instructors is more than
$42,000.

• select dept_name, avg (salary ) as avg_salary

• from instructor
• group by dept_name
• having avg (salary ) > 42000;
 Having Clause
• For each course section offered in 2009, find
the average total credits of all students
enrolled in the section, if the section had at
least 2 students.
 Having Clause
• For each course section offered in 2009, find the
average total credits of all students enrolled in
the section, if the section had at least 2 students.

• select course_id , year , sec_id , avg (tot_cred )

• from takes natural join student
• where year = 2009
• group by course_id , year , sec_id
• having count (ID) >= 2;
 Nested Subqueries
• A subquery is a select -from-where expression
that is nested within another query.
• A common use of subqueries is to perform
tests for set membership, make set
comparisons, and determine set cardinality, by
nesting subqueries in the where clause.
 Set Membership
• The in connective tests for set membership,
where the set is a collection of values
produced by a select clause.
• The not in connective tests for the absence of
set membership.
 Set Membership
• Find all the courses taught in the both the Fall 2009
and Spring 2010 semesters.
•
• (select distinct course_id
• from section
• where semester = ’Fall’ and year = 2009)
intersect
• (select course_id
• from section
• where semester = ’Spring’ and year = 2010);
 Set Membership
• Find all the courses taught in the both the Fall 2009
and Spring 2010 semesters.

• select distinct course_id

• from section
• where semester = ’Fall’ and year = 2009 and
Course_id in (select course_id
from section
where semester = ’Spring’ and year
= 2010);
 Nested Subqueries
• Find all the courses taught in the Fall 2009
semester but not in the Spring 2010 semester.
 Nested Subqueries
• Find all the courses taught in the Fall 2009 semester
but not in the Spring 2010 semester.

• (select course_id
• from section
• where semester = ’Fall’ and year = 2009)
except
• (select course id
• from section
• where semester = ’Spring’ and year = 2010);
 Nested Subqueries
• Find all the courses taught in the Fall 2009
semester but not in the Spring 2010 semester.
• select distinct course_id
• from section
• where semester = ’Fall’ and year = 2009 and
course_id not in (select course_id
from section
where semester = ’Spring’ and
year = 2010);
 Nested Subqueries
• Find the names of instructors whose names
are neither “Mozart” nor “Einstein”.
 Nested Subqueries
• Find the names of instructors whose names
are neither “Mozart” nor “Einstein”.

• select distinct name

• from instructor
• where name not in (’Mozart’, ’Einstein’);
 Set Comparison
• The phrase “greater than at least one” is
represented in SQL by > some.
• SQL also allows < some, <= some, >= some,
= some.
• As an exercise, verify that = some is identical
to in
 Set Comparison
• Find the names of all instructors whose salary
is greater than at least one instructor in the
Biology department.
 Set Comparison
• Find the names of all instructors whose salary
is greater than at least one instructor in the
Biology department.

• select distinct T . name

• from instructor as T , instructor as S
• where T.salary> S.salary and S.dept_name=
’Biology’;
 Set Comparison
• Find the names of all instructors whose salary
is greater than at least one instructor in the
Biology department.
 Set Comparison
• The construct > all corresponds to the phrase
“greater than all. “
• SQL also allows < all, <= all, >= all, = all
comparisons.
 Set Comparison
• Find the departments that have the highest
average salary.
 Set Comparison
• Find the departments that have the highest
average salary.
 Set Comparison
• Find the departments that have the highest
average salary.

• select max (avg_salary)

• from (select dept_name, avg(salary) AS
avg_salary
from instructor
group by dept_name);
 Modification o f the Database
• Insertion
• Deletion
• Update
 Deletion
• We can delete only whole tuples; we cannot
delete values on only particular attributes.

• delete from relation_name

• where given_conditions ;

• Note that a delete command operates on only

one relation.
 Deletion
• delete from instructor;

• The request deletes all tuples from the

instructor relation.
• The instructor relation itself still exists, but it is
empty.
 Deletion
• Delete all instructors with a salary between
$13,000 and $15,000.

• delete from instructor

• where salary between 13000 and 15000;
 Deletion
• Delete all tuples in the instructor relation for
those instructors associated with a
department located in the Watson building.
 Deletion
• Delete all tuples in the instructor relation for those instructors
associated with a department located in the Watson building.

• delete from instructor

• where dept_name in (select dept_name
from department
where building = ’Watson’);

• We may reference any number of relations in a select-from-

where nested in the where clause of a delete .
 Insertion
• The simplest insert statement is a request to
insert one tuple.
• insert into course
• values (’ CS-437’, ’Database Systems’, ’Comp.
Sci.’, 4);
 Insertion
• The simplest insert statement is a request to
insert one tuple (using form).
• insert into course
• values (’ $course_id’, ’$title’, ’$dept_name’,
‘$credits’);
 Updates
• We may wish to change a value in a tuple
without changing all values in the tuple.

• Suppose that annual salary increases are being

made, and salaries of all instructors are to be
increased by 5 percent.
• Update instructor
• set salary = salary * 0.05;
 Updates
• Suppose that annual salary increases are being
made, and salaries of all instructors are to be
increased by 5 percent. This salary increase is to
be paid only to instructors with salary of less than
$70,000

• Update instructor
• set salary = salary *0.05
• where salary < 70000;
 Updates
• Give a 5 percent salary raise to instructors
whose salary is less than average.
 Updates
• Give a 5 percent salary raise to instructors
whose salary is less than average.

• Update instructor
• set salary = salary *0.05
• where salary < (select avg (salary )
from instructor)