INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION &

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES.

(Computer Basic Definitions & types)

Lecture # 01
By:
M.Nadeem Akhtar.
Department of CS & IT.

URL:
https://sites.google.com/site/nadeemcsuoliict/home/lectures

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THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
WHERE CAN YOU FIND
COMPUTERS?
 THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION

What is computer literacy?

Computer literacy is the knowledge about computer, If you are
computer literate, you have knowledge and understanding of
computers and their uses.
 WHAT IS COMPUTER?
Definition 1:
 Computer is an electronic device which takes some
input, process it, and produces output.
Definition 2:

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 Electronic machine operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory.
 Accepts data
 Manipulates data
 Produces results
 Stores results

These instructions tell the machine what to do.

 Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of
devices that function together as a system.
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What Is a Computer?
An electronic machine,
operating under the
control of instructions stored
in its own memory
accepts data
manipulates the data
according to specified rules
produces results
stores the results for future
use.
What are data and information?

Data
Collection of raw
unprocessed facts,

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

figures, and
symbols.

Information
Data that is
organized,
meaningful, and
useful
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 DEVICES THAT COMPRISE A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
Monitor
(output) Speaker
(output)
System unit
(processor, memory…)

Printer
(output)

Storage devices
(CD-RW,
Floppy, Hard
Mouse disk, zip,…)
(input)
Scanner Keyboard
(input)
(input) 7
WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO?

Computers can perform four general

operations, which comprise the information
process cycle.

1) Input
2) Process
3) Output
4) Storage
 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE.

Computer process data (input) into

information (output).
A Computer often holds data, information,

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

and instruction in storage for future use.
“The series of input, process, output and
storage activities is the information process
cycle”.

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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
 The sequence of events in processing
information, which includes:
1. Input—entering data into the computer.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

2. Processing—performing operations on the
data.
3. Output—presenting the results.

4. Storage—saving data, programs, or output

for future

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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
1. INPUT
 Input is any data or instructions entered to the
computer.
 Input can be in the form of audio, video and graphics

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instructions.
 Instructions can be

 Programs

 Commands

 User response

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
What are two types
1. INPUT
of inputs: WITH INSTRUCTION
DATA CYCLE.
Bradley Kinkade 42 hours $12.50 per hour

 Data
A collection of raw
unprocessed facts,
figures, and symbols. E S
NS rect ct
 Instructions O or rre
P are c ot co
S
a) Programs RE tries re n
R ard en tries a
E
b) Commands US timec ard en S
User responses , the imec D
N rd
c) s
Ye , the
t A
M ca
No M me A MS
COint the
ti
O d GR
pr PR e c a r
tim
13
hard disk
INSTRUCTIONS
 1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE.
(CONT.)

a) Programs

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Program tells a computer what to do and how to do?
These are written instructions in some specific
language. (languages will be describe future) for
example time card program installed in hard disk for
student attendance / presence as shown in previous
slide.

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1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE.(CONT.)

b) Commands
 Command causes a program to perform a specific
action.
 Like Ctrl+P for taking Print of Time card entries in

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

previous slide example or Ctrl+ S for saving a
Ms.Word Document in computer.
c) User Response
 A user response is an action which is or can be done
by answering any question from computer.
 like You want to save the entries in time card
program? User have two options Yes or No, that is
depend on the user what to response.
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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
2. PROCESS
 Computer data processing is any process that uses a
computer program to enter data and summarize it

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analyze it or otherwise convert data into usable
information.
 The process may be automated and run on a
computer.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
2. PROCESS
 It involves recording, analyzing,
summarizing, calculating, disseminating and

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

storing data.
 Data is most useful when well-presented and
actually informative,
 Data-processing systems are often referred to
as information systems.
 In computer processing is done by CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
3. OUTPUT
 Output is the data that has been processed in
to useful form.
 The computer takes the input from user

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

process it and produced output.
 Output also can be text, Audio, Video or
graphics .
 Output can be in two forms

a) Soft Copy

b) Hard Copy

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
3. OUTPUT

a) Soft Copy.

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 When you are writing a document, playing a
game, watching a video clip, or reading the latest
news.
 Soft copy is what you see on the monitor
(Screen).
 Soft copy is temporary; after you have finished
with it, there is nothing solid to hold.
 However you can transfer soft copy to a disk, to
transport it
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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
3. OUTPUT

b) Hard Copy:

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 Hard copy can be touched and carried.
 Hard copy is usually some form of paper output.

 It is especially helpful if you need to have a colleague

look at your work or
 you need to give your work to a supervisor or teacher.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
4. STORAGE

 Storage refers to various techniques and devices for

storing large amounts of data.
 Examples

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 Hard disks
 Floppy  Disks

 Optical storage (CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD

or DVD-R )
 Flash Memory/USB

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WHAT IS DATA?

Definition:
 “Raw facts, figures, events and
transactions are called data”

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

Examples:
1. Researchers who conduct market research
survey might ask member of the public to
complete questionnaires about a product or
a service. These completed questionnaires
are data.

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 WHAT IS DATA?
(CONT.)
2. NADRA prepared CNIC of Pakistanis by collecting
data of people who belongs to Pakistan.
Some candidates want to take admission in

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3.
university they will fill admission forms.
Above all are unprocessed and unprepared which is
needed to process and work more.

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WHY WE NEED DATA?

 Facts, statistics used for reference or analysis.

 Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can

be processed by a computer.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 Data must be interpreted, by a human or machine, to
derive meaning

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WHAT IS INFORMATION?

Definition:
 “Meaning full data is called information”

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 “Processed data is called information”.

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WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
 Knowledge derived from study, experience (by the
senses), or instruction.
 "Information is any kind of knowledge that is

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

exchangeable amongst people, about things, facts,
concepts, etc.,
 In some context, "Information is interpreted data"

Data Process Information

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 WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
(CONTI.)
Detail Example:
 Some candidates want to take admission
 So they will fill an admission form

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containing data about their selves.
 When this data is organized and arranged by
eligibility criteria and admission rules.
 A merit list will be formulated.
 This merit list is in the form of information of
certain students which are eligible for
admission.
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 Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.
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WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
(CONTI.)
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
(ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTIONALITY)

According to functionality computer can be divided in to

three types:

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1) Analog
2) Digital
3) Hybrid

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 1-ANALOG COMPUTER

 An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the

continuously-changeable aspects of physical fact such as
electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic(moved or operated or

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effected by liquid) quantities to model the problem being
solved.”
 Analog means continuity of associated quantity just like an
analog clock measures time by means of the distance traveled
by the hand of the clock around a dial.

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1-ANALOG COMPUTER (CONTI.)
 Analog computer measures and answer the questions by the
method of “HOW MUCH”. The input data is not a number
infact a physical quantity like temperature, pressure, speed,

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

velocity
 Used in World War II and the Korean War.

 They were commonly used in science and industry before the

Digital Computer
 EXAMPLES:
 Thermometer
 Analog clock
 Speedometer
 Tire pressure gauge
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 2-DIGITAL COMPUTERS.

 “A computer that performs calculations and logical

operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in
the binary number system of “0” and “1”.
 “Computer capable of solving problems by processing

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information expressed in discrete form.
 Digital computer counts and answer the questions by the
method of “HOW Many”. The input data is represented by a
number. These are used for the logical and arithmetic
operations.

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2-DIGITAL COMPUTERS
(CONTI.)

 By manipulating combinations of binary digits (“0”,

“1”)

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o Mathematical calculations

o Organize and analyze data

o Control industrial and other processes.

 EXAMPLES:
 IBM PC
 Apple Macintosh
 Calculators
 Digital watches etc
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3-HYBRID COMPUTERS:
o “A computer that processes both analog and digital data”.
o “Hybrid computer is a digital computer that accepts analog

signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital

form”
o Hybrid Machines are generally used in scientific applications

or in controlling industrial processes.

 Examples:

 Hybrid computer is the computer used in hospitals to measure

the heartbeat of the patient.
 Radar is also an example of hybrid computer

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