12.

4 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Water Supply System

In large Metropolitan areas, most of the drinking

water originates from a surface source such as a lake,
stream, river, or reservoir. In

, people are more likely to drink groundwater that was

pumped from a well. The design of any building
water supply system begins with an evaluation of the
system from which the water will be obtained.
Community System

Community water supply system are public or

private entities that install and provide a central
supply of water to a neighborhood, city or
special district. They are government owned, as
in most cities, or privately owned, such as in
rural housing development where the builder or
real estate developer develops the water system.
Private System

Approximately 42 million people in the

united states obtain water from their own
private drinking water supplies. Private system
may also use any of the water sources
discussed. Most private water is drawn from
ground water through wells.
 Large industrial and commercial projects may draw all of
their supply from one source or they may draw part of their
supply from one source and supplement the supply with
another source.

Small private system, such as those used for residences,

usually rely on single source of water to supply potable
water to the system. Installing a well is the most commonly
used method of obtaining source of water.
Well System

Wells are Classified according to their depth

and the method used to construct the well.

Classification Depth Construction

Method
Shallow Less than 25 ft. in Dug, Driven, and
depth shallow bored

Deep 25 ft. or more in Drilled and bored

depth
Dug wells

Dug wells are shallow well, generally not

more than 25 ft. in deep, and typically 3 to 6 ft.
in diameter. They are typically made by
excavation with a backhoe or excavator but can
be hand shoveled, as this was the method
typically used for hundred years.
Driven wells

Driven wells, also referred to as sand point

wells, consist of length of 1 ¼ to 2 in. diameter
pipe that is driven into ground. In driving this
type of well, a sharp well point and drive cap
are attached to a pipe.
Drilled/board wells

Drilling or boring methods are used for deep

wells. A well-drilling rig is used to create the
well whole. Drilled wells have the holes
formed by using Rotary bits. Bored wells have
the holes formed by using an auger and covered
with a casing.
Water Towers and Elevated Storage
Tanks
Water tower used in Community System and elevated water
storage tanks used in private systems carry a reserved capacity
of water. They serve many additional purposes, including what
follows:
 To introduce pressure to the water supply system
To equalize supply and demand over periods of high
consumption
To supply water during equipment failure or maintenance\\\
To supply water for firefighting demand
 A water tower must be tall enough to deliver adequate
pressure to all of the houses and business in the area of the
tower. Each foot of water height provides o.433 psi of
pressure.

Water in a water tank must be 100 to 200 ft. above the

highest plumbing fixture being served. Therefore water
tower are typically located on high ground, and they are all
enough to provide the necessary pressure.
 The capacity of a community water tower for even a small
community is quite large; normally it will hold 1 000 000 gallons or
more. In comparison a typical in-ground residential swimming pool
might hold 20 000 gallon.

Elevated water storage tanks serve buildings that are to tall to rely on
street water pressure. Water is pumped to a storage tank located on top
of the building. An elevated storage tank that is 30 to 35 ft. above the
highest plumbing fixture being served is generally required.
12.5 PIPING
MATERIALS
Pipping material

Pipe is a round, hollow channel used to

transport liquids such as water or solid-liquid
mixtures such as wastewater from one point to
next. In building plumbing system, pipes
transport hot and cold water and remove liquid
and solid wastes.
 Water Pipes generally falls into one of two categories:
Pressure pipes, which delivers supply water; and drain
waste, and vent (DWV) pipe, which carries waste and soil
water away.
Pressure pipe must be heavy enough to hold continuous
pressure without rupture, and all connections must be leak
proof. This pipe tends to be of a smaller diameter, and it
must be made of material that will not react with the
chemical or minerals in the water.
Pipping Materials
Copper Pipe and Tubing

Copper tubing is traditionally the most popular water

supply pipe material. It is also used in water space heating
system, air conditioning and refrigeration systems,
sanitary drainage, and natural gas and liquids petroleum
gas piping.
The types of copper tubing available are K,L and M,
with K having the thickest wall, then L, and finally M,
with the thinnest walls of this group. DWV copper tubing
is used for drainage, waste, and vent piping.
Type K

Type k of Copper tube is available as either

rigid or flexible. Type K is used primarily for
underground water service in water supply
system. It is available in the following nominal
diameters: 3/8, ½, ¾, 1, 1 1/4, 1 ½, 2, 2 ½ , 3, 3
½, 4, 5, 6,and 8 in.
Type L

Type L copper tube is also available in either

hard or soft temper and in coils and straight
lengths much like type K. it is available in the
following nominal diameters: 3/8, ½, ¾, 1, 1
1/4, 1 ½, 2, 2 ½ , 3, 3 ½, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 in.
Type M

Type M copper tube is made in hard temper

only and is available in straight lengths of 12
and 20 ft. it is used for branch supplies where
water pressure is not too great, but it is not used
for risers and mains. It is available in nominal
diameters; 3/8, ½, ¾, 1, 1 1/4, 1 ½, 2, 2 ½ , 3, 3
½, 4, 5, 6, 8,and 10 in.
DWV

DWV copper tube is the thinnest copper tube

and is used in non pressure applications. It is
made in hard temper only and is obtainable in
straight length of 20 ft. it is available in the
following nominal diameters; 3/8, ½, ¾, 1, 1
1/4, 1 ½, 2, 2 ½ , 3, 3 ½, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 in.
Brass Pipe

Red brass piping, consisting of approximately

85% copper and 15% zinc, is used as water supply
piping. The pipe is threaded for fitting connections,
but this requires thicker walls to accommodate the
threading, making installation and handling more
difficult than for copper. In addition, its relatively
higher total cost, installed on the job, limits its
usage.
Clay and concrete Pipe

Clay pipe is made from vitrified clay.

Concrete pipe is cast from concrete. These
pipes are traditionally used for sewage,
industrial waste, storm water, and drain field
application. Concrete pipe is also used as large
water supply pipe.
Tubing and Pipe Sizes

Historically, pipe sizes was based on the inside

diameter of the pipe that was characteristic of the period,
which was cast iron. For example, a half-inch cast iron
pipe had an inside diameter that was exactly one half
inch. The thickness of its wall determined outside the
diameter. Later, the standard was changed so that pipe
size related to a specific outside diameter to ensure that
all pipes and fittings would fit together for a specific
size.
Pipe Pressure Rating

With the exception of sewer and drainage pipe,

all pipe is pressure rated. There are several
different methods for determining pressure ratings:
The schedule number is obtained from the
expression 1000 x p/s, where P is the service
pressure and S is the allowable stress. Both being
expressed in the same unit.
 The SDR is calculated by dividing the outside diameter
of the pipe by its wall thickness. Pipe with an SDR of 13.5
has an outside diameter that is 13.5 times thicker that the
wall thickness.
The pressure –level rating provides the pressure rating
of the pipe at the given temperature. Pipes are available
commercially at many pressure ratings, and the most
popular of these are 50, 100, and 125 psi. 160, 200, 250
and 315 psi.