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Cell Division and Cell Cycle

The cell cycle and cell division involves tightly regulated phases. The cell cycle is divided into interphase and mitosis. Interphase contains G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate and the cell divides into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm to complete cell division. Key events include DNA replication in S phase and chromosome separation/movement during the phases of mitosis.

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83 views18 pages

Cell Division and Cell Cycle

The cell cycle and cell division involves tightly regulated phases. The cell cycle is divided into interphase and mitosis. Interphase contains G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate and the cell divides into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm to complete cell division. Key events include DNA replication in S phase and chromosome separation/movement during the phases of mitosis.

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AKM KING
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CELL CYCLE AND

CELL DIVISION
CELL CYCLE
• The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates
its genome, synthesises the other constituents of
the cell and eventually divides into two daughter
cells is termed CELL CYCLE
PHASES OF CELL CYCLE

Cell is divided into mainly two phases


1. Interphase
2. Mitosis Phases
INTERPHASE

Interphase contains mainly three types


• G1 phase (Gap 1)
• S phase (Synthesis)
• G2 phase (Gap 2)
G1 PHASE ( GAP 1 )
• G1 is an intermediate phase occupying the time between the end of cell division in
mitosis and the beginning of DNA replication during S phase.
• In typical animal cell it lasts for about 10 hours .
• The cell organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes , ER( Endoplasmic
Reticulum) , Golgi Apparatus are produced in these phases .
S PHASE ( SYNTHESIS PHASE )
• S phase, or synthesis, is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated.
• In this phase DNA content is doubled from 1c to 2c .
• Chromosomes are duplicated to form two longitudinal halves known as two chromatids attached to
each other at centromere to form a dyad .
• It is also called as Invisible M Phase as the chromosomes number remains the same.
• It lasts for around 8 – 9 hours
G2 PHASE (GAP 2 )
• G2 phase is a period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis
 during which the cell prepares itself for mitosis.
• The multiplications of chloroplasts and mitochondria occurs.
• The proteins of spindle fibres are synthesized and spindle
begins to form. The spindle fibres are formed from protein
called Tubulin and RNA.
• The last for usually 5 to 6 hours.
G ZERO PHASE OR QUIESCENT STAGE

• G0 phase inactive state. They are inactive in the sense that they
are not dividing or preparing to divide. Rather, they are
performing their other cellular duties.
During cell cycle, RNA and protiens are synthesized in
Cells in G0 phase NEET(2019)
NEET(2009)
A) Enter cell cycle B) Exits cell cycle
A) S-PHASE B) G1- PHASE
C) Terminate cell cycle D) Suspends cell cycle
C) G2 – PHASE D) BOTH B AND C

In S phase of the cell cycle


DNA/ chromosome replication or chromatid formation
NEET(2014)
takes place during NEET(2010)
A) Amount of DNA is reduced to half in each cell
B) Amount of DNA doubles in each cell
A) G1- PHASE B) G2 – PHASE
C) Amount of DNA remains same in each cell
C) S-PHASE D) PROPASE 1
D) Chromosome number is increase
MITOSIS PHASE

• Mitosis is that step in the cell cycle where the newly formed DNA is separated and
two new cells are formed with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the
parent nucleus.
• Mitosis is essential for the growth of the cells and the replacement of worn-out
cells. Abnormalities during mitosis may alter the DNA, resulting in genetic
disorders.
• Mitosis involves mainly two phases Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis
FEATURES OF MITOSIS

1.In each cycle of cell division, two daughter cells are formed from the parent cell.
2.The cell is also known as equational cell division because
the chromosome number in the parent cell and daughter cell is the same.
3.In plants, mitosis leads to the growth of vegetative parts of the plant like root tip,
stem tip, etc.
4.Segregation and combination do not occur in this process.
STAGES OF KARYOKINESIS

• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Cytokinesis
PROPHASE

1. Prophase is the first phase of karyokinesis usually the longest phase of


mitosis
2. The chromatin fibres undergo condensation by coiling and dehydration to
form short and thick chromatids.
3. The centrioles (in the animal cells) begin to move towards the opposite
poles of the cell.
4. The nuclear envelope becomes fragmented and at the end of the prophase it
disappears .
5. The nucleoli gradually decreases in size and finally disappear.
METAPHASE

• It is short phase lasts for 2–10 minutes . Also known as stage of orientation
• The chromosomes in the form of paired chromatids become attached to the
spindle by certain spindle fibres. These spindle fibres are called chromosomal,
kinetochore or tactile fibres. The chromosomal fibres are connected to two C
shaped kinetochores covering the centromere of each chromosome.
• The chromosomes move towards the equator' of spindle in such a manner that
their centromeres are aligned along the equatorial plate which lies in the middle
and at right angles to the spindle.The centromere of each chromosome is
connected to both the asters or poles of the spindle) by these chromosomal
fibres.
ANAPHASE

1. Anaphase is a rapid stage of migration of chromosomes and is the


shortest stage (2-3 minutes).
2. The centromere of each chromosome splits longitudinally into two
and the chromosomal fibres pull the daughter centromeres towards
the opposite poles.
3. The separated chromatids become daughter chromosomes known as
monad chromosomes
4. The arms of the chromosomes follow the centromere and move
towards the poles. The anaphase movement of chromosomes is
caused by shortening of chromosomal fibres
TELOPHASE

1. The telophase is of long duration. The chromosomes reach the poles and undergo uncoiling
becoming long and slender thread like structures. They become indistinct and form the chromatin
mass.
2. Each mass of chromatin threads becomes a daughter nucleus. The viscosity of cytoplasm
decreases.
3. The nuclear envelope slowly appears around the mass of chromatin from pieces of old nuclear
membrane and ER and even the nucleoli reappear from Sine acido thymonucleino (SAT)
chromosome of nucleolar organizer region (NOR) region the fibrous lamina around chromatin
reappear.
4. In animal cells astral rays and spindle fibres and in plant cells spindle fibres near the poles
disappear but they remain intact at equator to form phragmoplast (Gr., phragmos - hedge or
enclosure).
CYTOKINESIS

1. Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides the


cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
2. Cytokinesis performs an essential process to separate the cell in half and
ensure that one nucleus ends up in each daughter cell.
3. Cytokinesis starts during the nuclear division phase called anaphase
and continues through telophase
PYQS
A stage in mitosis that begins in mid anaphase and completed with telophase is
Centromere split in which stage of cell divison
NEET(2012)
NEET(2014)
A)Crossing Over B) Karyokinesis A)Anaphase B) Telophase
C) Prophase D) Metaphase
C) Cytokinesis D) Interkinesis

Spindle fibres of a mitotic cell consists of


During the metaphase stage of mitosis, spindle fibres attach to chromosome NEET(2015)
NEET (2013)
A)Kinetochore B)Both centromere and kinetochore
A) Actin B) Fibrin
C)Centromere D)Centromere , kinetochore and areas adjoining centromere C) Collagen D) Tublin

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