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Topic 1.2 Principle of Communication in Networking

The document discusses principles of communication in networking. It defines the key elements in a data communication system including data, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. It describes different communication devices like wired (DTE) and wireless devices. It also explains various transmission media that can be used to transmit data like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless transmission methods. Finally, it discusses some common transmission flaws that can affect signal quality such as noise, attenuation, latency, radio frequency interference, and electromagnetic interference.

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51 views26 pages

Topic 1.2 Principle of Communication in Networking

The document discusses principles of communication in networking. It defines the key elements in a data communication system including data, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. It describes different communication devices like wired (DTE) and wireless devices. It also explains various transmission media that can be used to transmit data like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless transmission methods. Finally, it discusses some common transmission flaws that can affect signal quality such as noise, attenuation, latency, radio frequency interference, and electromagnetic interference.

Uploaded by

محمدجوزياي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FP303 COMPUTER

TOPIC 1:NETWORK
INTRODUCTION TO
NETWORKING
1.2 Principles of Communication in
Networking

[email protected]
Learning Outcomes
• Identify main elements in data communication
systems
• Identify the communication devices
• Explain the basic data transmission concepts
• Describe the common transmission flaws effecting
data signals
• Explain the rule of communication
• Explain how signals transmitted from a host to a
destination in a network
Data Communication System
Elements
 Data Elements
 Communication Devices
 Electronic Communication Methods
 Transmission Media
Data Elements

• Message - information to be communicated


• Sender - device that sends the message
• Receiver - device that receives the message
• Medium - physical path from sender to
receiver
• Protocol - set of rules that govern data
communication
Data Elements (cont…)
 Message

 Sender

 Receiver

 Medium

 Protocol
Communication Devices
A hardware component that enables a
computer to send and receive data,
instructions and information and from one or
more computers.
 Type of communication devices:
 Wired (Data Terminal Equipment (DTE))
 Wireless (4G,3G,GPRS, Laptop, Mobile
Phones)
Wired Communication
• Wired communication is transmission of
data over a wire-based communication
technology.
• One of common wired-based communication
is an Ethernet.
• DTE ( data terminal equipment) and DCE
(data circuit-terminating equipment / data
communications equipment).
Wireless Communication
• Wireless communication is the transfer of information
between two or more points that are not connected by
an electrical conductor
Electronic communication methods
• Fax 
• Email 
• Instant Messenger
• Telephone/ Mobiles
• Video Conferencing
• Intranet 
• Chat / IRC
Transmission Media
 Guided Media
 Twisted-PairCable – Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) and
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optic Cable

 Unguided Media: Wireless


 Transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical
conductor
Twisted Cable
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
UTP cable consists of one or more
insulated wire pairs encased in a
plastic sheath

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

STP cable consists of twisted wire


pairs that are individually insulated
and surrounded by shielding made of
metallic substance
Comparing STP and UTP
 Throughput - Both can transmit up to 100 Mbps
 Cost - Typically, STP is more expensive
 Connector - Both use RJ-45 connectors
 Noise immunity - STP is more noise-resistant
 Size and scalability - Maximum segment length for
both is 100 meters

Throughput refers to the
  volume of data that can flow
through a network
RJ45 is a standard type of connector for
RJ-45 network cables

Crossover cable must be used between 2 devices from the same


level like (PC-PC, Router-Router, Switch-Hub, PC-Router) 

Strait through cable used between two different levels like (PC-
Switch, Router-Switch) – T-568A / T-568B
Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cables are a type of
cable that is used by cable TV
and that is common for data
communications.
• There are two types of
coaxial cable:
 Thinnet (thin)
 Thicknet (thickness)
• The coaxial cable using
connectors - BNC (British
Naval Connector)
Fiber Optic
 Contains one or several glass fibers at its core
 Surrounding the fibers is a layer of glass called
cladding
Fiber Optic (cont…)
 Single-mode fiber
 Carries light pulses along single path

 Multimode fiber
 Many pulses of light generated by LED travel at
different angles
Unguided Media: Wireless
 Infrared transmission
 Infrared networks use infrared light signals to
transmit data through space
 Directinfrared transmission depends on
transmitter and receiver remaining within line of
sight
 Inindirect infrared transmission, signals can
bounce off of walls, ceilings, and any other
objects in their path
Unguided Media: Wireless
 RF transmission
 Radio frequency (RF) transmission relies on
signals broadcast over specific frequencies
 Two most common RF technologies:
 Narrowband
 Spread
spectrum
Data Transmission Concept
 Analog and digital  Point-to-point
signaling transmission
 Data modulation  Broadcast
transmission
 Simple, half-duplex
and full-duplex  Bluetooth, 3G
 Multiplexing  Throughput

 Bandwidth
Transmission Flaws
 FLAW is any defect that can affect the
quality of data signal send in networking.
 Most common flaws is
• Noise
• Attenuation
• Latency
• Radio frequency interference (RFI)
• Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Transmission Flaws
 Noise
 Occurred when devices act as a sending antenna and
the transmission medium act as the receiving antenna.

Analog Signal Digital Signal


Transmission Flaws
 Attenuation
 Loss of signal strength as transmission travels away
from source (for long network cable)
 Analog signals pass through an amplifier, which
increases not only voltage of a signal but also noise
accumulated
Amplifier - device for increasing the power
of a signal by use of an external energy
source

An analog signal
distorted by
noise, and then
amplified
Transmission Flaws
 Latency
 Latency is the delay between requesting data and the
receipt of a response, or in the case of one-way
communication, between the actual moment of a signal's
broadcast and the time it is received at its destination
Transmission Flaws
 Radio frequency interference (RFI)
 Interference that may be generated by motors, power
lines, televisions, copiers, fluorescent lights, or broadcast
signals from radio or TV towers

 Electromagnetic interference (EMI)


 Interference that may be caused by motors, power lines,
television, copiers, fluorescent lights, or other sources of
electrical activity
Transmission Flaws
 Regeneration
 Process of retransmitting a digital signal

 Repeater
 Device used to regenerate a signal

A digital signal distorted by noise, and then


repeated
I don’t stop when I’m tired.
I only stop when I’m done…

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