The document discusses 3D rendering and the rendering pipeline. It describes the key steps as modeling, viewing, projection, and clipping. Modeling defines the object coordinates. Viewing defines the camera and transforms objects to camera coordinates. Projection projects the objects to the viewplane. Clipping clips objects to the view volume. The document then discusses different types of 3D projections including orthographic, axonometric, oblique, and perspective projections. It covers the properties and mathematics behind perspective projection.
The document discusses 3D rendering and the rendering pipeline. It describes the key steps as modeling, viewing, projection, and clipping. Modeling defines the object coordinates. Viewing defines the camera and transforms objects to camera coordinates. Projection projects the objects to the viewplane. Clipping clips objects to the view volume. The document then discusses different types of 3D projections including orthographic, axonometric, oblique, and perspective projections. It covers the properties and mathematics behind perspective projection.
The document discusses 3D rendering and the rendering pipeline. It describes the key steps as modeling, viewing, projection, and clipping. Modeling defines the object coordinates. Viewing defines the camera and transforms objects to camera coordinates. Projection projects the objects to the viewplane. Clipping clips objects to the view volume. The document then discusses different types of 3D projections including orthographic, axonometric, oblique, and perspective projections. It covers the properties and mathematics behind perspective projection.
The document discusses 3D rendering and the rendering pipeline. It describes the key steps as modeling, viewing, projection, and clipping. Modeling defines the object coordinates. Viewing defines the camera and transforms objects to camera coordinates. Projection projects the objects to the viewplane. Clipping clips objects to the view volume. The document then discusses different types of 3D projections including orthographic, axonometric, oblique, and perspective projections. It covers the properties and mathematics behind perspective projection.
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Overview of 3D rendering
Modeling: * Topic we’ve already
discussed • *Define object in local coordinates • *Place object in world coordinates (modeling transformation) Viewing: • Define camera parameters • Find object location in camera coordinates (viewing transformation) Projection: project object to the viewplane Clipping: clip object to the view volume *Viewport transformation *Rasterization: rasterize object Simple teapot demo 3D rendering pipeline Vertices as input Series of operations/transformations to obtain 2D vertices in screen coordinates These can then be rasterized 3D rendering pipeline We’ve already discussed: • Viewport transformation • 3D modeling transformations We’ll talk about remaining topics in reverse order: • 3D clipping (simple extension of 2D clipping) • 3D projection • 3D viewing Clipping: 3D Cohen-Sutherland Use 6-bit outcodes When needed, clip line segment against planes Viewing and Projection Camera Analogy:
1. Set up your tripod and point the camera at
the scene (viewing transformation).
2. Arrange the scene to be photographed into
the desired composition (modeling transformation).
3. Choose a camera lens or adjust the zoom
(projection transformation).
4. Determine how large you want the final
photograph to be - for example, you might want it enlarged (viewport transformation). Projection transformations Introduction to Projection Transformations Mapping: f : Rn Rm Projection: n > m Planar Projection: Projection on a plane. R3R2 or R4R3 homogeneous coordinates. Introduction to Projection Transformations Classical Viewing Viewing requires three basic elements • One or more objects • A viewer with a projection surface • Projectors that go from the object(s) to the projection surface
Classical views are based on the relationship among these
elements • The viewer picks up the object and orients it how she would like to see it Each object is assumed to constructed from flat principal faces • Buildings, polyhedra, manufactured objects Planar Geometric Projections
Standard projections project onto a plane
Projectors are lines that either • converge at a center of projection • are parallel
Such projections preserve lines
• but not necessarily angles
Non-planar projections are needed for
applications such as map construction Classical Projections Perspective vs Parallel Computer graphics treats all projections the same and implements them with a single pipeline
Classical viewing developed different techniques
for drawing each type of projection
Fundamental distinction is between parallel and
perspective viewing even though mathematically parallel viewing is the limit of perspective viewing Perspective Projection Parallel Projection Taxonomy of Planar Geometric Projections Examples Orthographic Projection Projectors are orthogonal to projection surface Multiview Orthographic Projection Projection plane parallel to principal face Usually form front, top, side views
isometric front
in CAD and architecture,
we often display three multiviews plus isometric
top side Advantages and Disadvantages Preserves both distances and angles • Shapes preserved • Can be used for measurements – Building plans – Manuals Cannot see what object really looks like because many surfaces hidden from view • Often we add the isometric Axonometric Projections Allow projection plane to move relative to object classify by how many angles of a corner of a projected cube are the same 1 none: trimetric 2 3 two: dimetric three: isometric Types of Axonometric Projections Advantages and Disadvantages Lines are scaled (foreshortened) but can find scaling factors Lines preserved but angles are not • Projection of a circle in a plane not parallel to the projection plane is an ellipse Can see three principal faces of a box-like object Some optical illusions possible • Parallel lines appear to diverge Does not look real because far objects are scaled the same as near objects Used in CAD applications Oblique Projection Arbitrary relationship between projectors and projection plane Advantages and Disadvantages Can pick the angles to emphasize a particular face • Architecture: plan oblique, elevation oblique Angles in faces parallel to projection plane are preserved while we can still see “around” side
In physical world, cannot create with simple
camera; possible with bellows camera or special lens (architectural) Perspective Projection Projectors converge at center of projection
Perspective projection demo Vanishing Points Parallel lines (not parallel to the projection plane) on the object converge at a single point in the projection (the vanishing point) Drawing simple perspectives by hand uses these vanishing point(s)
vanishing point Three-Point Perspective No principal face parallel to projection plane Three vanishing points for cube Two-Point Perspective On principal direction parallel to projection plane Two vanishing points for cube One-Point Perspective One principal face parallel to projection plane One vanishing point for cube Advantages and Disadvantages Objects further from viewer are projected smaller than the same sized objects closer to the viewer (diminution) • Looks realistic Equal distances along a line are not projected into equal distances (non-uniform foreshortening) Angles preserved only in planes parallel to the projection plane More difficult to construct by hand than parallel projections (but not more difficult by computer) Perspective Projections of 3-D Objects A vertex located at P in eye coordinates is projected to a certain point (x*, y*) on the near plane, and is then mapped to the viewport on the display. Perspective Projection Properties • Straight lines project to straight lines. Consider the line between A and B. A projects to A’ and B projects to B’. •In between: consider the plane formed by A, B, and the origin. Since any two planes intersect in a straight line, this plane intersects the near plane in a straight line. Thus line segment AB projects to line segment A’B’. Example: horizontal grid in perspective Mathematics of a basic perspective projection
Similar triangles One-Point Projection in matrix form -Z
Center of Projection at the origin with
viewplane parallel to the x-y plane a distance d from the origin.
