Information Technology

UNIT-1
 Introduction & Basic Concepts of
Modern Communication & Technology
 Communication Systems

•The communication system is a system which describes the information

exchange between two points.
•The process of transmission and reception of information is called
communication.
•The major elements of communication are the Transmitter of information,
Channel or medium of communication and the Receiver of information.
Types of Communication Systems
1. Analog communication :Communicates data as electronic signals of
varying frequency or amplitude. Eg Broadcast and telephone
transmission
2. Digial Communication :The data are generated and processed in two
states: High (represented as 1) and Low (represented as 0). Digital
technology stores and transmits data in the form of 1s and 0s.
Depending on the communication channel,
the communication system is categorized as
follows:
1. Wired (Line communication)
Parallel wire communication
Twisted wire communication
Coaxial cable communication
Optical fibre communication

2. Wireless (Space communication)
Ground wave communication
Skywave communication
Space wave communication
Satellite communication
Examples Of Communication Systems

The following are a few examples of

communication systems:

1. Internet

2. Public Switched Telephone network

3. Intranet and Extranet

4. Television
Elements Of Communication Systems
Information
Message or information is the entity that is to be transmitted. It can
be in the form of audio, video, temperature, picture, pressure, etc.
Signal
The single-valued function of time that carries the information. The
information is converted into an electrical form for transmission.
Transducer
A device or an arrangement that converts one form of energy to the
other. An electrical transducer converts physical variables such as
pressure, force, temperature into corresponding electrical signal
variations.
Example:
Microphone – converts audio signals into electrical signals.
Photodetector – converts light signals into electrical signals.
Elements Of Communication Systems
Amplifier
The electronic circuit or device that increases the amplitude or
the strength of the transmitted signal is called an amplifier.
When the signal strength becomes less than the required value,
amplification can be done anywhere in between transmitter and
receiver.
Modulator
As the original message signal cannot be transmitted over a
large distance because of their low frequency and amplitude,
they are superimposed with high frequency and amplitude wave
called carrier wave. This phenomenon of superimposing of
message signal with a carrier wave is called modulation. And the
resultant wave is a modulated wave which is to be transmitted.
 Elements Of Communication Systems
Transmitter
It is the arrangement that processes the message signal into a suitable form
for transmission and subsequently reception.
Antenna
An Antenna is a structure or a device that will radiate and receive
electromagnetic waves. So, they are used in both transmitters and receivers.
An antenna is basically a metallic object, often a collection of wires. The
electromagnetic waves are polarised according to the position of the
antenna.
Channel
A channel refers to a physical medium such as wire, cables, space through
which the signal is passed from the transmitter to the receiver.
 Channel impairments
Channel impairments that affect channel performance
Noise
Noise is one of the channel imperfection or impairment in the received signal at
the destination.
External sources interference from nearby transmitted signals (cross talk),
interference generated by a natural source such as lightning,
solar or cosmic radiation, automobile generated radiation, etc. The external noise
can be minimised and eliminated by the appropriate design of the channel,
shielding of cables. anddigital transmission
Internal sources include noise due to random motion and collision of electrons in
the conductors, thermal noise due to diffusion and recombination of charge
carriers in other electronic devices. Internal noise can be minimized by cooling and
using digital technology for transmission.
Distortion
It is also another type of channel problem. When the signal is distorted, the
distorted signal may have frequency and bandwidth different from the transmitted
signal. The variation in the signal frequency can be linear or non-linear.
 Channel impairments
Attenuation
Attenuation is a problem caused by the medium. When the signal is
propagating for a longer distance through a medium, depending on the length
of the medium the initial power decreases. The loss in initial power is directly
proportional to the length of the medium. Using amplifiers, the signal power is
strengthened or amplified so as to reduce attenuation.
Digital signals are comparatively less prone to attenuation than analogue
signals.
 Elements Of Communication Systems
Receiver
An arrangement that extracts the message or information from
the transmitted signal at the output end of the channel and
reproduces it in a suitable form as the original message signal
is a receiver.
Demodulator
It is the inverse phenomenon of modulation. The process of
separation of message signal from the carrier wave takes place
in the demodulator. The information is retrieved from the
modulated wave.
 Elements Of Communication Systems
Repeaters
Repeaters are placed at different locations in between the transmitter and receiver. A
repeater receives the transmitted signal, amplifies it and send it to the next repeater
without distorting the original signal.
Block Diagram of Communication Systems
The block diagram given below represents the flow of the signal from the source
to the destination. The role of every device and arrangement discussed above is
better understood.
 Elements Of Communication Systems
Different types of Modulation.
i. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
The process of changing the amplitude of the signal wave by
impressing or superimposing it on a high-frequency carrier wave,
keeping its frequency constant is called amplitude modulation.
ii. Frequency Modulation (FM)
Frequency modulation is a technique in which the frequency of the
message signal is varied by modulating with a carrier wave. It is better
than amplitude modulation because it eliminates noise from various
sources.
iii. Phase Modulation (PM)
The phase of the carrier wave changes the phase of the signal wave.
The phase shift after modulation is dependent on the frequency of the
carrier wave as well. Phase modulated waves are immune to noise to a
greater extent.
VOIP
BLUETOOTH
Wi-Fi
Communication Technology
Communication over radio
Communication Satellite