Unit-I

•  Syllabus
Computing Paradigms:
High-Performance Computing, Parallel Computing, Distributed Computing,
Cluster Computing, Grid Computing, Cloud Computing, Bio computing,
Mobile Computing, Quantum Computing, Optical Computing, Nano
computing.

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 Unit-I-What is cloud?
• Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources over the
Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing. Instead of buying, owning, and
maintaining physical data centers and servers, you can access technology
services, such as computing power, storage, and databases, on an as-
needed basis from a cloud provider like Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, Salesforce, IBM cloud, OpenStack etc.
• Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that
can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort
or service provider interaction. This cloud model is composed of five
essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment
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models.
 Unit-I-What is cloud?
• In Simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing the data
and programs on remote servers that are hosted on internet instead of
computer’s hard drive or local server. Cloud computing is also referred as
Internet based computing.
• Cloud Computing Architecture:
Cloud computing architecture refers to the components and sub
components required for cloud computing. These component typically
refer to:
– Front end(fat client, thin client)
– Back end platforms(Servers, storage)
– Cloud based delivery and a network(Internet, Intranet, Inter cloud).
• Hosting a cloud:
There are three layers in cloud computing. Companies use these layers
based on the service they provide.
– Infrastructure
– Platform
– Application
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 Unit-I-What is cloud?
• Cloud computing architecture 

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 Unit-I-What is cloud?
•  Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers,
storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—
over the Internet to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and
economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services you use,
helping lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more
efficiently and scale as your business needs change. By Microsoft

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 Unit-I-What is cloud?
•  Cloud computing is on-demand access, via the internet, to computing
resources—applications, servers (physical servers and virtual servers), data
storage, development tools, networking capabilities, and more—hosted at
a remote data center managed by a cloud services provider (or CSP). The
CSP makes these resources available for a monthly subscription fee or bills
them according to usage. By IBM
• The term ‘cloud computing’ also refers to the technology that makes cloud
work. This includes some form of virtualized IT infrastructure—servers,
operating system software, networking, and other infrastructure that’s
abstracted, using special software, so that it can be pooled and divided
irrespective of physical hardware boundaries. For example, a single
hardware server can be divided into multiple virtual servers.
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 Unit-I-What is cloud?
•  Virtualization enables cloud providers to make maximum use of their data
center resources. Not surprisingly, many corporations have adopted the
cloud delivery model for their on-premises infrastructure so they can
realize maximum utilization and cost savings vs. traditional IT
infrastructure and offer the same self-service and agility to their end-
users.
• If you use a computer or mobile device at home or at work, you almost
certainly use some form of cloud computing every day, whether it’s a
cloud application like Google Gmail or Salesforce, streaming media like
Netflix, or cloud file storage like Dropbox. According to a recent survey, 
92% of organizations use cloud today (link resides outside IBM), and most
of them plan to use it more within the next year.
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 What is Hypervisor
• A hypervisor, also known as a Virtual Machine Monitor or VMM, is
software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs).
• A hypervisor allows one host computer to support multiple guest VMs by
virtually sharing its resources, such as memory and processing. 
• The hypervisor treats resources—like CPU, memory, and storage—as a
pool that can be easily reallocated between existing guests or to new
virtual machines.

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 Why use a Hypervisor
• Hypervisors make it possible to use more of a system’s available resources
and provide greater IT mobility since the guest VMs are independent of
the host hardware. This means they can be easily moved between
different servers. Because multiple virtual machines can run off of one
physical server with a hypervisor, a hypervisor reduces: 
– Space

– Energy
– Maintenance requirements

• Hypervisor is also referred to as a virtualization layer. Multiple virtual

machines can run off of one physical server with a hypervisor, a hypervisor
becomes the basic requirement in the cloud world.

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 Types of Hypervisor
• Type-1, native or bare-metal hypervisors
• Type-2 or hosted hypervisors

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 Types of Hypervisor
• Type-1, native or bare-metal hypervisors
• Type-2 or hosted hypervisors

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 Type-1 Hypervisor
Native or Bare-Metal Hypervisors

• These hypervisors run directly on the host’s hardware to control the

hardware and to manage guest operating systems. For this reason, they
are sometimes called bare metal hypervisors.
• This type of hypervisor is most common in an enterprise data center or
other server-based environments. KVM, Microsoft Hyper-V, and VMware
vSphere are examples of a type 1 hypervisor. 

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 Type-2 or Hosted Hypervisors

• These hypervisors run on a conventional operating system (OS) just as

other computer programs do. A guest operating system runs as a process
on the host. Type-2 hypervisors abstract guest operating systems from
the host operating system.
• A type 2 hypervisor is better for individual users who want to run multiple
operating systems on a personal computer. 
• VMware Workstation and Oracle VirtualBox are examples of a type 2
hypervisor. 

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 Type1 Vs Types2

• The most commonly deployed type of hypervisor is the type 1 or bare-

metal hypervisor, where virtualization software is installed directly on the
hardware where the operating system is normally installed.

• Because bare-metal hypervisors are isolated from the attack-prone

operating system, they are extremely secure.

• In addition, they generally perform better and more efficiently than

hosted hypervisors. For these reasons, most enterprise companies choose
bare-metal hypervisors for data center computing needs. 

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 Why Cloud Computing?
Sl.No On Premises Cloud Computing

1 Higher pay, less scalability Pay for what you use , Scale up=pay more
Scale down=pay less
2 Allot Huge space for servers No server space required
Appoint a team for between No experts required for hardware and
3 hardware and software software
maintenance
4 Poor data security Better data security
5 Less chance of data recovery Disaster recover
6 Lack of flexibility High flexibility
7 No automatic Updates Automatic software updates
8 Less Collaboration Teams can collaborate from widespread
locations
Data cannot be accessed Data can be accessed and shared any where
9 remotely over the internet
10 Takes longer implementation Rapid implementation
time
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 Why Cloud Computing?

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 High-Performance Computing
• High performance computing (HPC) is the ability to process
data and perform complex calculations at high speeds.
• In high-performance computing systems, a pool of processors
connected (networked) with other resources like memory,
storage, and input and output devices, and the deployed
software is enabled to run in the entire system of connected
components.

• The processor machines can be of homogeneous or

heterogeneous type. The legacy meaning of high-performance
computing (HPC) is the supercomputers.
• Heterogeneous computing refers to systems that use more than one kind of processor or cores.
These systems gain performance or energy efficiency not just by adding the same type of processors,
but by adding dissimilar coprocessors, usually incorporating specialized processing capabilities to
handle particular tasks
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 High-Performance Computing
• HPC include a small cluster of desktop computers or personal computers
(PCs) to the fastest supercomputers. HPC systems are normally found in
those applications where it is required to use or solve scientific problems.

• Scientific examples such as protein folding in molecular biology and

studies on developing models and applications based on nuclear fusion
are worth noting as potential applications for HPC.

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 Why is HPC important?
• HPC is the foundation for scientific, industrial, and societal advancements.

• As technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI),

and 3-D imaging evolve, the size and amount of data that organizations
have to work with is growing exponentially.

• For many purposes, such as streaming a live sporting event, tracking a

developing storm, testing new products, or analyzing stock trends, the
ability to process data in real time is crucial.

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 How does HPC work?
• HPC solutions have three main components:
– Compute
– Network
– Storage

• To build a high performance computing architecture, compute servers are

networked together into a cluster.
• Software programs and algorithms are run simultaneously on the servers
in the cluster.
• The cluster is networked to the data storage to capture the output.
Together, these components operate seamlessly to complete a diverse set
of tasks.

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 HPC Uses
• HPC solutions are used for a variety of purposes across multiple industries.
Examples include:

– Research labs. HPC is used to help scientists find sources of renewable energy, understand the
evolution of our universe, predict and track storms, and create new materials.
– Media and entertainment. HPC is used to edit feature films, render mind-blowing special
effects, and stream live events around the world.
– Oil and gas. HPC is used to more accurately identify where to drill for new wells and to help
boost production from existing wells.
– Artificial intelligence and machine learning. HPC is used to detect credit card fraud, provide self-
guided technical support, teach self-driving vehicles, and improve cancer screening techniques.
– Financial services. HPC is used to track real-time stock trends and automate trading.

– HPC is used to design new products, simulate test scenarios, and make sure that parts are kept
in stock so that production lines aren’t held up.
– HPC is used to help develop cures for diseases like diabetes and cancer and to enable faster,
more accurate patient diagnosis.
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 HPC Uses
• Celestial body discovery • Live streaming
• Genome mapping • Machine learning and AI
• Fraud prevention • Renewable energy
• Real-time securities trading • Oil and mineral deposit
• Virtual technical support location discovery
• Disease prevention and • Weather prediction
treatment • Movie/TV special effects
• Drug discovery • Blockchain
• Protein modeling
• Live streaming

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 Parallel Computing
• Parallel computing is defined as a type of computing where multiple computer systems are
used simultaneously.
• Here a problem is broken into sub-problems and then further broken down into
instructions. These instructions from each sub-problem are executed concurrently on
different processors.
• Here in the below diagram you can see how the parallel computing system consists of
multiple processors that communicate with each other and perform multiple tasks over a
shared memory simultaneously.

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 Parallel Computing
• Parallel computing is also one of the facets of HPC.
– Here, a set of processors work cooperatively to solve a computational problem. These
processor machines or CPUs are mostly of homogeneous type.
– include supercomputers that have hundreds or thousands of processors
interconnected with other resources.

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 Parallel Computing
• One can distinguish between conventional (also known as
serial or sequential or Von Neumann) computers and parallel
computers in the way the applications are executed.

– In serial or sequential computers, the following apply:

– It runs on a single computer/processor machine having a single CPU.
– A problem is broken down into a discrete series of instructions.
– Instructions are executed one after another.

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 Parallel Computing
• In parallel computing, since there is simultaneous use of multiple
processor machines, the following apply:
– It is run using multiple processors (multiple CPUs).
– A problem is broken down into discrete parts that can be solved
concurrently.
– Each part is further broken down into a series of instructions.
– Instructions from each part are executed simultaneously on different
processors.
– An overall control/coordination mechanism is employed.

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 Distributed Computing
• Distributed computing is also a computing system that consists of
multiple computers or processor machines connected through a network,
which can be homogeneous or heterogeneous, but run as a single
system.
• The heterogeneity in a distributed system supports any number of
possible configurations in the processor machines, such as mainframes,
PCs, workstations, and minicomputers.
• The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a
single computer.

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 Distributed Computing
• Distributed computing systems are advantageous over
centralized systems, because there is a support for the
following characteristic features:

1. Scalability: It is the ability of the system to be easily

expanded by adding more machines as needed, and vice
versa, without affecting the existing setup.

2. Redundancy or replication: Here, several machines can

provide the same services, so that even if one is unavailable
(or failed), work does not stop because other similar
computing supports will be available.(fault tolerance)

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 Cluster Computing
• A cluster is a group of independent computers that work together to
perform the tasks given.
• Cluster computing is defined as a type of computing that consists of two
or more independent computers, referred to as nodes, that work together
to execute tasks as a single machine.
• The goal of cluster computing is to increase the performance, scalability
and simplicity of the system.
• As you can see in the below diagram, all the nodes, (irrespective of
whether they are a parent node or child node), are connected through
fast local area networks (LANs). act as a single entity to perform the tasks.

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 Cluster Computing
• It is kind of HPC category
• A cluster computing system consists of a set of the same or
similar type of processor machines connected using a
dedicated network infrastructure.
• All processor machines share resources such as a common
home directory and have a software such as a message
passing interface (MPI) implementation installed to allow
programs to be run across all nodes simultaneously.
• The individual computers in a cluster can be referred to as
nodes.
• The nodes need to communicate with one another in order to
work cooperatively and meaningfully together to solve the
problem.

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 Cluster Computing

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 Utility Computing
• Utility computing or The Computer Utility is a service provisioning model
in which a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure
management available to the customer as needed, and charges them for
specific/exactly usage of services provided rather than a flat rate. 

• The packaging of computing resources (computation, storage etc.) as a

metered service similar to a traditional public utility.
 

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 Utility Computing
 
• Utility computing helps eliminate data redundancy, as huge
volumes of data are distributed across multiple servers or
backend systems. The client however, can access the data
anytime and from anywhere.

• This approach, sometimes known as pay-per-use or 

metered services is becoming increasingly common in
enterprise computing and is sometimes used for the
consumer market as well, for Internet service, Web site
access, file sharing, and other applications.

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 Grid Computing

• Grid computing is a group of networked computers which

work together as a virtual supercomputer to perform large
tasks, such as analyzing huge sets of data or weather
modeling.

• Grid computing is a collection of computer resources from

multiple locations to reach a common goal.

• The Grid can be thought as a distributed system with non

interactive workload that involve a large no. of files.

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 Grid Computing

• A computational grid is a h/w and s/w infrastructure that

provide dependable, consistent and inexpensive access to
high end computational

• Grid links together computing resources(PCs, work-stations,

servers, storage etc) and provides a mechanism to access
them.
Desktop computer Grid computer
X=10+(8*2)+(3*2) X=10+(8*2)+(3*2)
Step1: 10+(8*2)+(3*2) Step1: x=10+16+6
Step2: 10+16+(3*2) Step2: x=32
Step3: 10+16+6
Step4: x=32
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 Grid Computing
• The computing resources in most of the organizations are
underutilized but are necessary for certain operations.

• The idea of grid computing is to make use of such non-utilized

computing power by the needy organizations, and thereby
the return on investment (ROI) on computing investments can
be increased.

• Grid computing is the practice of leveraging(maximum

advantage) multiple computers, often geographically
distributed but connected by networks, to work together to
accomplish joint tasks.

• It is typically run on a “data grid” a set of computers that

directly interact with each
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Computing -Unit-I 36
 Grid Computing
• Grid computing is a network of computing or processor
machines managed with a kind of software such as
middleware, in order to access and use the resources
remotely.

• The managing activity of grid resources through the

middleware is called grid services.

• Grid services provide access control, security, access to data

including digital libraries and databases, and access to large-
scale interactive and long-term storage facilities.

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 Grid Computing
• Grid Computing is a subset of distributed computing, where a
virtual super computer comprises of machines on a network
connected by some bus, mostly Ethernet or sometimes the
Internet.

12/17/2022 Fig: GridCloud

Computing Architecture
Computing -Unit-I 38
 Grid Computing
• Working: 
A Grid computing network mainly consists of these three types of machines 
– Control Node: 
A computer, usually a server or a group of servers which administrates the whole
network and keeps the account of the resources in the network pool.
– Provider: 
The computer which contributes it’s resources in the network resource pool.
– User: 
The computer that uses the resources on the network.

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 Grid Computing
• Advantages:
– Its ability to make use of unused computing power, and thus, it is a
cost-effective solution (reducing investments, only recurring costs)
– As a way to solve problems in line with any HPC-based application.
– Enables heterogeneous resources of computers to work cooperatively
and collaboratively to solve a scientific problem.
• Disadvantages
– Resource sharing is further complicated when grid is introduced as a
solution for utility computing where commercial applications and
resources become available as shareable and on demand resources.
– Customization of resources is more difficult
– Licensing access of many servers may make prohibited for some
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applications.
 Grid Computing
• Applications
– Distributed supercomputing
– High throughput computing

– On Demand computing
– Data intensive computing
– Collaborative computing

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 Cloud Computing
• Grid +Utility=Cloud
• In simple terms, cloud computing means storing and
accessing the data and programs on remote server
that are hosted on internet instead of computer’s
hardware or local server. It is also referred as internet
based computing
• Cloud computing architecture
– Cloud computing refers to the components and
subcomponets required for cloud. These components
typically refer to.
• Front End(Fat client, thin client)
• Back End Platforms(Servers,Storage)
• Cloud based delivery and a network (Internet, Intranet, Intercloud)
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 Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system
resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power,
without direct active management by the user. Large clouds often have
functions distributed over multiple locations, each location being a data
center. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve
coherence[clarification needed] and economies of scale, typically using a
"pay-as-you-go" model which can help in reducing capital expenses but
may also lead to unexpected operating expenses for unaware users.

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 Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing is nothing but the delivery of computing services such as
a database, networking, software, storage, servers, and many more.
Nowadays the companies are in need of some virtual space to store the
data which generates.
• So cloud computing provides this facility which is flexible, user-friendly,
with compatibility issues. It helps to run the infrastructure in an efficient
manner and integrate the business very quickly.

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 Bio Computing
• Bio-computing systems use
the concepts of
biologically derived or simulated molecules (or models)
that perform computational processes in order to solve a
problem.
• The biologically derived models aid in structuring the
computer programs that become part of the application.

• Bio-computing provides the theoretical background and

practical tools for scientists to explore proteins and DNA.

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 Bio Computing

• DNA and proteins are nature’s building blocks.

• The bio-computing scientist works on inventing the

order suitable for various applications mimicking
biology.
• Bio-computing shall, therefore, lead to a better
understanding of life and the molecular causes of
certain diseases.

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 Mobile Computing
• In mobile computing, the processing (or computing)
elements are small (i.e., handheld devices) and the
communication between various resources is taking
place using wireless media.

• Mobile communication for voice applications (e.g.,

cellular phone) is widely established throughout the
world .

• An extension of this technology is the ability to send

and receive data across various cellular networks
using small devices such
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as smart phones.
Cloud Computing -Unit-I 48
 Mobile Computing

• Video call or conferencing is one of the important

applications that people prefer to use in place of
existing voice (only) communications on mobile
phones.

• Mobile computing allows users to transmit data from

remote locations to other remote or fixed locations.

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 Quantum Computing
• Quantum computing is the study of how to use phenomena in
quantum physics to create new ways of computing.
• Quantum computing is made up of qubits. 
• Unlike a normal computer bit, which can be 0 or 1, a qubit can
be either of those, or a superposition of both 0 and 1.
• The power of quantum computers grows exponentially with
more qubits.
• This is unlike classical computers, where adding more
transistors only add power linearly.
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 Quantum Computing
• Quantum computers to solve complex problems that today's
most powerful supercomputers cannot solve, and never will.

• Quantum computers are millions of times faster than even

our most powerful supercomputers today.

• Fast ways of solving certain mathematical problems, such as

factorization of large numbers.

• Quantum computing could contribute greatly in the fields of

finance, military affairs, intelligence, drug design and
discovery, aerospace designing, utilities (nuclear fusion),
polymer design, artificial intelligence (AI) and Big Data search,
and digital manufacturing.
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 Optical Computing
• Optical computing system uses the photons in visible light or
infrared beams, rather than electric current, to perform digital
computations.

• An electric current flows at only about 10% of the speed of

light. This limits the rate at which data can be exchanged over
long distances and is one of the factors that led to the
evolution of optical fiber.

• A computer can be developed that can perform operations 10

or more times faster than a conventional electronic computer.

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 Nano Computing
• Nanocomputing describes computing that uses extremely
small, or nanoscale, devices (one nanometer [nm] is one
billionth of a meter)
• Nanocomputing refers to computing systems that are
constructed from nanoscale components. The silicon
transistors in traditional computers may be replaced by
transistors based on carbon nanotubes.
• The successful realization of nanocomputers relates to the
scale and integration of these nanotubes or components.
• Nanocomputing technology has the potential for
revolutionizing the way that computers are used. However, in
order to achieve this goal, major progress in device
technology, computer architectures, and IC processing must
first be accomplished.
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 Nano Computing
• Microelectronic components that are at the core of all
modern electronic devices employ semiconductor transistors.
• The term nanocomputer is increasingly used to refer to
general computing devices of size comparable to a credit card.
Modern Single-Board Computers such as the Raspberry Pi
 and Gumstix would fall under this classification. Arguably, 
Smartphones and Tablets would also be classified as
nanocomputers.
• Electronic nanocomputers would operate in a manner similar
to the way present-day microcomputers work. The main
difference is one of physical scale. More and more transistor s
are squeezed into silicon chips with each passing year.

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 Nano Computing

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 Network Computing
• Network computing is a generic term in computing which refers
to computers or nodes working together over a network.
• The two basic models of computing are:
– 1- centralized computing:- where computing is done at a central
location, using terminals that are attached to a central computer.
– 2- decentralized computing:- where computing is done at various
individual station or location and each system have power to run
independently.

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