12.3 PPT

Section 3 Concentration of
Chapter 12 Solutions
Objectives
• Given the mass of solute and volume of solvent,
calculate the concentration of solution.
• Given the concentration of a solution, determine the

amount of solute in a given amount of solution.
• Given the concentration of a solution, determine the

amount of solution that contains a given amount of
solute.
Concentration
• The concentration of a solution is a measure of
the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent
or solution.
• Concentration is a ratio: any amount of a given

solution has the same concentration.
• The opposite of concentrated is dilute.
• These terms are unrelated to the degree to which a

solution is saturated: a saturated solution of a solute
that is not very soluble might be very dilute.
Concentration Units
Molarity
• Molarity is the number of moles of solute in one liter
of solution.
• For example, a “one molar” solution of sodium

hydroxide contains one mole of NaOH in every liter
of solution.
• The symbol for molarity is M. The concentration of a

one molar NaOH solution is written 1 M NaOH.
Molarity, continued
• To calculate molarity, you must know the amount of
solute in moles and the volume of solution in liters.
• When weighing out the solute, this means you will

need to know the molar mass of the solute in order to
convert mass to moles.
• example: One mole of NaOH has a mass of

40.0 g. If this quantity of NaOH is dissolved in
enough water to make 1.00 L of solution, it is a
1.00 M solution.
Molarity, continued
• The molarity of any solution can be calculated by
dividing the number of moles of solute by the number
of liters of solution:
amount of solute (mol)
molarity (M) 
volume of solution (L)
• Note that a 1 M solution is not made by adding 1
mol of solute to 1 L of solvent. In such a case, the
final total volume of the solution might not be 1 L.
• Solvent must be added carefully while dissolving to
ensure a final volume of 1 L.
Molarity, continued
Sample Problem A
You have 3.50 L of solution that contains 90.0 g of
sodium chloride, NaCl. What is the molarity of that
solution?
Molarity, continued
Sample Problem A Solution
Given: solute mass = 90.0 g NaCl
solution volume = 3.50 L
Unknown: molarity of NaCl solution
Solution:
1 mol NaCl
90.0 g NaCl   1.54 mol NaCl
58.44 g NaCl
1.54 mol NaCl

 0.440 M NaCl
3.50 L of solution
Molarity, continued
Sample Problem B
You have 0.8 L of a 0.5 M HCl solution. How many
moles of HCl does this solution contain?
Molarity, continued
Sample Problem B Solution
Given: volume of solution = 0.8 L
concentration of solution = 0.5 M HCl
Unknown: moles of HCl in a given volume
Solution:
0.5 mol HCl
 0.8 L of solution  0.4 mol HCl
1.0 L of solution
Molarity, continued
Sample Problem C
To produce 40.0 g of silver chromate, you will need at
least 23.4 g of potassium chromate in solution as a
reactant. All you have on hand is 5 L of a 6.0 M
K2CrO4 solution. What volume of the solution is
needed to give you the 23.4 g K2CrO4 needed for the
reaction?
Molarity, continued
Sample Problem C Solution
Given: volume of solution = 5 L
concentration of solution = 6.0 M K2CrO4
mass of solute = 23.4 K2CrO4
mass of product = 40.0 g Ag2CrO4
Unknown: volume of K2CrO4 solution in L

Molarity, continued
Sample Problem C Solution, continued
Solution:
1 mol K 2CrO4  194.2 g K 2CrO4
1 mol K 2CrO4
23.4 g K 2CrO 4   0.120 mol K 2CrO 4
194.2 g K 2CrO 4
0.120 mol K 2CrO 4

6.0 M K 2CrO 4 
x L K 2CrO4 solution
x  0.020 L K 2CrO 4 solution

Molality
• Molality is the concentration of a solution expressed
in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
• A solution that contains 1 mol of solute dissolved in 1

kg of solvent is a “one molal” solution.
• The symbol for molality is m, and the concentration of

this solution is written as 1 m NaOH.
Molality, continued
• The molality of any solution can be calculated by
dividing the number of moles of solute by the number
of kilograms of solvent:
amount of solute (mol)
molality (m ) 
mass of solvent (kg)
• Unlike molarity, which is a ratio of which the
denominator is liters of solution, molality is per
kilograms of solvent.
• Molality is used when studying properties of solutions
related to vapor pressure and temperature changes,
because molality does not change with temperature.
Making a Molal Solution

Molality, continued
Sample Problem D
A solution was prepared by dissolving 17.1 g of sucrose
(table sugar, C12H22O11) in 125 g of water. Find the molal
concentration of this solution.
Molality, continued
Sample Problem D Solution
Given: solute mass = 17.1 C12H22O11
solvent mass = 125 g H2O
Unknown: molal concentration
Solution: First, convert grams of solute to moles and
grams of solvent to kilograms.
1 mol C12H22O11
17.1 g C12H22O11   0.0500 mol C12H22O11
342.34 g C12H22O11
125 g H2O
 0.125 kg H2O
1000 g/ kg
Molality, continued
Sample Problem D Solution, continued
Then, divide moles of solute by kilograms of solvent.
0.0500 mol C12H22O11

 0.400 m C12H22O11
0.125 kg H2O
Molality, continued
Sample Problem E
A solution of iodine, I2, in carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, is
used when iodine is needed for certain chemical tests.
How much iodine must be added to prepare a 0.480 m
solution of iodine in CCl4 if 100.0 g of CCl4 is used?
Molality, continued
Sample Problem E Solution
Given: molality of solution = 0.480 m I2
mass of solvent = 100.0 g CCl4
Unknown: mass of solute
Solution: First, convert grams of solvent to kilograms.
100.0 g CCl4
 0.100 kg CCl4
1000 g/ kg
Molality, continued
Sample Problem E Solution, continued
Solution, continued: Then, use the equation for
molality to solve for moles of solute.
x mol I2
0.480 m  x  0.0480 mol I2
0.1 kg H2O
Finally, convert moles of solute to grams of solute.

253.8 g I2
0.480 mol I2   12.2 g I2
mol I2

12.3 PPT

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Section 3 Concentration of

• Given the concentration of a solution, determine the

• Given the concentration of a solution, determine the

• Concentration is a ratio: any amount of a given

• The opposite of concentrated is dilute.

• These terms are unrelated to the degree to which a

• For example, a “one molar” solution of sodium

• The symbol for molarity is M. The concentration of a

• When weighing out the solute, this means you will

• example: One mole of NaOH has a mass of

1.54 mol NaCl

Unknown: volume of K2CrO4 solution in L

0.120 mol K 2CrO 4

x  0.020 L K 2CrO 4 solution

• A solution that contains 1 mol of solute dissolved in 1

• The symbol for molality is m, and the concentration of

Making a Molal Solution

Then, divide moles of solute by kilograms of solvent.

0.0500 mol C12H22O11

Finally, convert moles of solute to grams of solute.

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