CHAPTER 3

Periodic table
 PERIODIC TABLE

PATTERNS IN CHANGES IN
PERIODIC CHEMICAL
TABLE PROPERTIES IN
PERIODIC TABLE

CHANGES IN
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES IN
PERIODIC TABLE
 PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
* Core Electrons and Valence Electrons

♦ Core electrons are electrons that reside in the inner energy levels of an
atom
♦ Valence electrons are electrons that reside in the outer shell (principal shell
containing electrons with the highest quantum number) of an atom. Eg
11Na
- energy level 2.8.1
- subshell notation ( 1s2 2s2 2p6 ) 3s1

Valence electrons

Core electrons

They are the electrons that can be involved when

Atoms participate in chemical reactions or in chemical
bonding
 …..PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
♦ The periods and the groups of elements in the periodic table
correlate closely with the electron configurations of the
elements
Period number – same as the principal quantum number, n
in the outermost principal shell
- eg: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
HIGHEST
VALUE OF n
Period num. = 3
Group number – same as the number of outer shell electrons (valence
electron) of the element

Period num. = 3
NUMBER OF - eg: 1. (1s2 2s2 2p6 ) 3s 1 Groups num. = 1
ELECTRON IN THE
2. (1s2 2s2 2p6) 3s2 3p5
HIGHEST OF n
Groups num. = 7
 ….PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
⚫ The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in the
increasing of proton number, which increases from left to
right across the table.

⚫ A horizontal row of the elements in the table is called

Period. Each Period is numbered 1,2,3 etc.

⚫ Number of vertical columns is known as Group. Each

Group is numbered as IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and
VIIIA.
 ….PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
⚫ The Periodic Table also has three other blocks of elements,
known as the Transition Metals Element, Lanthanides and
Actinides. Transition Metal Element consists have
incompletely filled the d subshells while the other two block
are called as the f-block transition metal elements because
they have incompletely filled f subshells.

⚫ Elements which have incompletely filled s or p subshells is

divided into several groups. Some common name of the
Groups.
Group IA also known as ‘Alkaline Metals’
Group IIA also known as ‘Earth Alkaline Metals’
Group VIIA also known as ‘Halogen Group’
Group VIIIA also known as ‘Noble Gases’
 …..PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
⚫ The chemical activity of the elements is determined by their
valence electron or electrons which located at the outermost
shell.
⚫ Elements are classified to their specific Group depends on
their valence electron.
Group IA
Li 2.1 1s22s1
Na 2.8.1 1s22s22p63s1
K 2.8.8.1 1s22s22p63s23p64s1

Group IVA
C 2.4 1s22s22p2
Si 2.8.4 1s22s22p63s23p2
 …..PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
⚫ Elements are classified to their specific Period depends on
the number of shell of the atom.
Period 3
Na 2.8.1 1s22s22p63s1
Mg2.8.2 1s22s22p63s2
Al 2.8.3 1s22s22p63s23p1

⚫ All elements in the same groups have the same number

and type of valence electrons. Therefore they have similar
chemical properties.
TRY!!!

53 I
Answer:
Electronic configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5
HIGHEST
Period number ∴ period 5
VALUE OF n

NUMBER OF
ELECTRON IN THE
Group number ∴ group 7
HIGHEST OF n
* The representative elements (or the main group elements) are the
elements in Groups IA (or 1) through 7A (or 17), all which have
incompletely filled s or p subshells of highest principal quantum
number. Eg 11Na (1s22s22p63s1)

Incompletely filled s
subshell

* Elements in the same group – have similar valence shell electron

configurations.Eg: Elements in Group IA
3Li = 2.1 = 1s22s1
11Na = 2.8.1 = 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 1
Ar = 18 = 2.8.8= 1s22s22p63s23p6
19K = 2.8.8.1 = [Ar]4s
1

37Rb = [Ar]4s 3d 4p 5s
2 6 10 1

55Cs = ???

The similarity of the outer electron configurations makes the elements

in the same group show similar chemical properties
⚫ The number of valence electrons in an element represents the group
number of the element in the periodic table. Eg: 11Na = 2.8.1 = 1s22s22p63s1

Group I, period 3

⚫ The period number of the elements is the principal quantum number of

the outermost principal energy shell in an atom.
 Special name of group

* Group 1A or group 1 ( eg: Li, Na, K) – alkali metals

* Group 2A or group 2 ( eg: Be, Mg, Ca) – alkaline earth metals

* Group 7A or group 17 ( eg: F, Cl, Br, I) – halogens

* Across the second and third period of the
periodic table, there is a gradual change in
properties, from the alkali metals to the halogens

* The fourth period begins in the same way with

potassium (K) and Ca

* These elements are called the transition

elements

* These 10 elements from Sc to Zn form the 1st

transition element series
 CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

⚫There are some changes in physical properties of

the elements when its going across the Period and
going down the Group.

⚫The changes are based on :

A. Atomic size
B. First Ionization Energy
C. Electrons affinities
D. Electronegativity of the electrons
A. Atomic Size (atomic radius)
♦ Atomic size of an element is one-half the distance between the two nuclei
in two adjacent metal atoms
Ex: l2

♦ Decrease from left to right because increase in effective nuclear charge

(same as valence electron) which cause the valence electrons to be held
more strongly by the nucleus
♦ Increase from top to bottom because the principal quantum number, n
increase which causes the outer electrons to be far from the nucleus
3Li = 2.1 = 1s22s1
11Na = 2.8.1 = 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 1

12Mg = 2.8.2 = 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 2

Atomic Size increase

increase from
decrease from left to
top to bottom
right in a period or increase
within a group
....CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
……Atomic Size (atomic radius)

⚫ Going across the Period, the atomic size of an atom is

decreases and going down the Group, the atomic size is
increases.

⚫ The atomic size is referring to the distance and attraction

force between nucleus and valence electrons.

⚫ Going across the Period, the number of valence electrons in

increase, but the number of shell is unchanged.

⚫ Example – Na and Cl. Number of valence electron of Cl is

higher than number of valence electron of Na, so, the
attraction force of Cl is stronger than Na. That why atomic
size of Cl is smaller than Na.
Trends in Atomic
Radii
The Radii (in pm) of Ions of Elements
Anion radius > cationic radius
Increasing order of ionic radius for elements in
period 3
Al3+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl-, S2- and P3-
Cation is always smaller than atom from
which it is formed.
Anion is always larger than atom from
which it is formed.
Comparison of Atomic Radii with Ionic
Radii
....CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
B. The First Ionization Energy

⚫ The ionization energy of an atoms/ions is the minimum energy required

to remove an electrons.

⚫ Energy needed to remove one electron is called First Ionization Energy,

energy needed to remove 2nd electron is called Second Ionization Energy
and so fourth.

⚫ When going down the Group, the electron is too far from nucleus, so
lower energy needed.

⚫ Going across the Period, the electron valence in increase, so they need
more energy to remove the electrons.

⚫ Conclusion, First Ionization Energy is increase when going across the

Period, and decrease when going down the Group.
......The First Ionization Energy
♦ Is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a ground state
atom (ion) in the gaseous state
♦ The first ionisation energy – is the minimum energy required to remove the
1st valence electron from the gaseous atom in its ground state. Eg :
M(g) – 1e → M+(g)

♦ The second ionisation energy – is the energy required to remove the 2nd
electron. Eg:
M+(g) – 1e → M2+(g)

♦ The 1st ionisation energies increase

decrease from Increase from left to

top to bottom right or
within a group
increase
26
Variation of the First Ionization Energy with Atomic Number

Filled n=1
shell
Filled n=2
shell

Filled n=3
shell
Filled n=4
shell Filled n=5
shell

27
.....CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
C. Electron Affinities

⚫ The factor that affects the affinity of an electron is the size of

atoms.

⚫ Atom in smaller size is easy to accept an electron, so, the

electrons affinity is higher.

⚫ When going across the Period, the atomic size is smaller, so

the electron affinity is increase. When going down the
Group, the atomic size is bigger, so the electron affinity is
decrease.
…..Electron Affinity

♦ Is the energy change that occurs when an electron is accepted by an atom in

its gaseous state
♦ The more negative the electron affinity, the greater the tendency of the
atom to accept an electron

♦ The electron affinity increase

decrease from Increase from left to

top to bottom right
within a group or
increase
Variation of Electron Affinity With Atomic Number (H – Ba)

30
....CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
D. Electronegativity of the elements

⚫ Electronegativity ia a measure of the ability of the element to

attract the electron.

⚫ Electronegavity is also depends on the size of atom. Atom in

smaller in size has a more ability to attract the electron.

⚫ Conclusion, the electronegativity of the element is increase

when going across the Period and decrease when going down
the Group.
Electronegative: the element is tend to receive an electron
Electropositive : the element is tend to remove an electron
………Electronegativity

♦ Is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract bonding electrons to

itself when it is in a molecule
♦ The greater the electronegativity of an atom in a molecule, the more
strongly

♦ The electronegativity increase

increase from left to

decrease from
right
top to bottom
or
within a group increase
 Group 1A Elements (ns1, n ≥ 2)

M M+1 + 1e-

2M(s) + 2H2O(l) 2MOH(aq) + H2(g)

4M(s) + O2(g) 2M2O(s)

Increasing
reactivity
Group 1A Elements (ns1, n ≥ 2)
 Group 2A Elements (ns2, n ≥
2)
M M+2 + 2e-

Be(s) + 2H2O(l) No Reaction

Mg(s) + 2H2O(g) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

M(s) + 2H2O(l) M(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) M = Ca, Sr, or Ba

Increasing
reactivity
Group 2A Elements (ns2, n ≥
2)
 Group 3A Elements (ns2np1, n ≥ 2)

4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)

2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g)

37
Group 3A Elements (ns2np1, n ≥ 2)

38
 Group 4A Elements (ns2np2, n ≥
2)

Sn(s) + 2H+(aq) Sn2+(aq) + H2 (g)

Pb(s) + 2H+(aq) Pb2+(aq) + H2 (g)

39
Group 4A Elements (ns2np2, n ≥
2)

40
 Group 5A Elements (ns2np3, n ≥
2)

N2O5(s) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq)

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)

41
Group 5A Elements (ns2np3, n ≥
2)
 Group 6A Elements (ns2np4, n ≥
2)

SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Group 6A Elements (ns2np4, n ≥
2)
 Group 7A Elements (ns2np5, n ≥
2)
X + 1e- X-1

X2(g) + H2(g) 2HX(g)

Increasing
reactivity
Group 7A Elements (ns2np5, n ≥
2)
 Group 8A Elements (ns2np6, n ≥
2)
Completely filled ns and np subshells.
Highest ionization energy of all
elements.
No tendency to accept extra electrons.
SUMMARY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1st ionisation energy, Electron
affinity, Electronegativity.

Increase from increase from left to right

bottom to top within (ACROSS PERIOD)
a group

Atomic size

increase from top to

bottom within a group Increase from right to left in a
(DOWN A GROUP period (ACROSS THE PERIOD)
 CHANGES IN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(PERIOD 3)
⚫ Period 3 of the Periodic Table consists of these elements :
Na MgAl Si P S Cl

⚫ Changes in chemical properties of these elements is based on

two properties:

A. Metallic properties
B. Acid-base properties of the oxide
 ....CHANGES IN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(PERIOD 3)
A. METALLIC PROPERTIES

⚫ Going across the Period from left to right, the metallic

properties are changes from :

METAL METALLOID NON-METAL

⚫ The elements in Period 3:

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Metal Metalloid Non-metal

 .....CHANGES IN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(PERIOD 3)
⚫ This property is depending on the tendency to conduct
electricity.

⚫ Metal element Good conductor of heat and

electricity

⚫ Metalloid element Poor conductor of heat and

electricity (depends on temperature)

⚫ Non-metal Cannot conduct an electricity

 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND
PERIODICITY

PLANCK’S
STRUCTURE QUANTUM THEORY ELECTRON
ISOTOPES CONFIGURATION
OF AN ATOM AND BOHR’S
THEORY OF AND ATOMIC
HYDROGEN ATOMS ORBITALS
 STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES

• According to Dalton’s, atoms are not ‘invisible’.

• Atoms composed of three fundamental sub-atomic particles called

protons, neutrons and electrons.

• The properties of these particles are summarized in the table given:

• Overview of Dalton’s atomic structure:
Electron

Nucleus (Neutron + Proton)

• Most mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus.

• The nucleus has a positive charge because its has protons.
Neutron has a net charge of zero.
• Electron is carried out the negative charge.
 ATOMIC NUMBER AND ATOMIC MASS

• The number of protons in atom is called the proton number (also called the
ATOMIC NUMBER).

• Symbol of atomic number is Z.

Atomic number (Z) = number of proton

= number of electron in neutral atom

• Each element has its own atomic number. That means, all atoms f the
same elements have the same number of proton.

• For examples, sodium has atomic number 11, hence all atoms of sodium
have 11 protons. Aluminum has atomic number 13, so all aluminum atoms
consists of 13 protons.
• The nucleus of atoms is also described by ATOMIC MASS or NUCLEON
NUMBER, which is the sum of the number of protons and neutron in
the nucleus.

• Symbol of atomic mass is A.

Atomic Mass (A) = number of proton + number of neutron
= Z + (A - Z)
• A shorthand notation has been developed to describe the number of
neutrons, protons and electrons in atoms.

• The complete symbol for the element is:

X = symbol of element
A
Z = symbol of atomic number

A = symbol of atomic mass or mass number

Z

• The atomic number and mass number of the elements is given in the
Periodic Table.
♦ Nuclear symbol
♦ The nuclear symbol or the complete symbol for isotopes, atoms of an element
X is commonly written as follows:

A, Mass Number is
the number of A>Z
A ●The larger number is
proton + neutron
the mass number, A

Z, Atomic Number
Z
X ● the smaller number is
is the num. of
the atomic number, Z
proton (atom)

For example, a sodium atom has 11 protons and 12 neutrons

Therefore, atomic number : Z = 11, Mass num. (Z + neutrons): A = 11 + 12 = 23
∴ The complete symbol of a Na atom is

Na or2 Na 1

3 1

1 2
.
A For atom
X
Z p=Z
p=e=Z
n=A-p

An+
X
Z For ions (cation or anion)
p = Z (p does not change)
p = e + [charge], ∴ e = p – [charge]
n=A-p

p = Z = number of proton
A = mass number
n = number of neutron
e = number of electron
 For atom
p=Z
p=e=Z
Example: n=A-p
A
Atom , 2 Na p = Z = 11 , e = 11 , n = A – p, 23 – 11 = 12

Z
3
For ions (cation or anion)
1 p = Z (p does not change)
p = e + [charge], ∴ e = p – [charge]
1 n=A-p

Ion, Mg2+ p = Z = 12,

24
p = e + [charge] , ∴ e = p – charge
e = 12 – ( +2) = 10
12
n = 24 – 12 = 12

TRY!!! (a) Cl (b) S2-

3 3

5 2
 ISOTOPES

• The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines the

identity of the atoms.

• As a result, all atoms of element must have the same number of protons,
but they don’t have to contain the same number of neutron.

• Atom with the same number of protons but different number of

neutrons is called as ISOTOPES. It also can be define as atoms which
have the same atomic number but different mass number.

• Table below is summarizing of the isotopes element:

The similarity The differences

Atomic number Mass Number
Number of protons and electrons Number of neutrons
Chemical properties Physical properties
 The Isotopes of Hydrogen

1 2 3
1H 1H 1H (T)
(D)
 QUANTUM THEORY
WAVES
⚫ There are many kinds of waves such as light, sound,
electromagnetic and water (tidal) waves.
⚫ Waves is define as a vibrating disturbance by which energy
(E) is transmitted.
⚫ Speed of waves depends on
💧types of wave
💧medium of which wave travelled such as air, water or vacuum.
The speed (c) of the wave = λ x ν
λ has a unit of m, cm or nm
ν has a unit of Hz, where 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second
⚫ 1. C = λ x ƒ, λ = C/ ƒ , ƒ
Formula – formula you must remember:
= C/ λ
⚫ 2. E=hxƒ Constant:
⚫3. E = h x c/λ h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
⚫4. c = 3.0 x 108 m/s
1 1
ΔE = RH( ) RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J
n2i n2f
⚫5. hƒ
1 1
= RH ( n2i n2f
)
⚫6. h (c/λ)
1 1
= RH ( n2i n2f
)
 QUANTUM THEORY
Properties of Waves
Wavelength (λ)
Is the distance between identical points
on successive waves.
Amplitude
is the vertical distance from the midline of
a wave to the peak or trough.
Frequency (ν)
is the number of waves that pass through
a particular point in 1 second (Hz = 1
cycle/s).
 QUANTUM THEORY
ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATIONS

⚫ Electromagnetic wave consists of 2

components
⚫electric field
⚫ magnetic field

● Both component have the same λ

(wavelength) and ν (frequency) but
travel perpendicularly to each other.
 QUANTUM THEORY
● The figure at the right shows how
energy (E) in the form of radiation
can be propagated through space
as a vibrating electric and
magnetic field.

● Therefore, Electromagnetic
Radiation is the emission and
transmission energy (E) in the
form of electromagnetic wave.
 QUANTUM THEORY
⚫ The electromagnetic waves travel 3.00 x 108 ms-1 in a
vacuum or commonly called as speed of light, C.

C=λxƒ
⚫ Different types of electromagnetic radiations have
different types of frequency and wavelength.

⚫ Therefore, frequency of electromagnetic radiation is

proportionally to the energy of the electromagnetic
radiation, the higher the frequency, the more energetic of
the radiation.
A photon has a frequency of 6.0 x 104 Hz. Convert this
frequency into wavelength (nm). Does this frequency fall in the
visible region?

λ
C=λxƒ
λ = c/ƒ ν
λ = 3.00 x 108 m/s / 6.0 x 104 Hz
λ = 5.0 x 103 m

5.0 x 103
= 1.0 x 10-9

= 5.0 x 1012 nm
 PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY
⚫ When solid is heated, they emit electromagnetic
radiation over a wide range of wavelengths.(light
beam or emission spectra)

⚫ Example of electromagnetic radiation from

heated solid;
1. The Electric Heater
the coil turned red when it was heated.
2. The Light Bulb
the tungsten wire turned to bright white
when it was heated.
 PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY
⚫ Since solids are made from atoms and molecules.
Therefore, atoms and molecules can also emit or
absorb any amount of energy.
⚫ Atoms and molecules that could emit or absorb
the energy only present in small quantities or
bundles.
⚫ Therefore the energy emitted and absorbed by
the atoms and molecules is very small.
⚫ This small energy is named as Quantum.

⚫ Quantum is defined as the smallest quantity of

energy that can be emitted or absorbed in the
form of electromagnetic radiation.
 PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY
⚫ Therefore amount of Energy emitted or absorbed by an
object/solid/atoms or molecules at certain temperature
depends on its wavelength.

E=hxƒ
E = h x c/λ
Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 x 10-34 J•s
C = 3.00 x 108 ms-1
When copper is bombarded with high-energy electrons, X rays
are emitted. Calculate the energy (in joules) associated with
the photons if the wavelength of the X rays is 0.154 nm.

E=hxƒ
E=hxc/λ
E = 6.63 x 10-34 (J•s) x 3.00 x 10 8 (m/s) / 0.154 x 10-9 (m)
E = 1.29 x 10 -15 J
 QUANTUM NUMBERS

⚫ Quantum numbers are required in order to describe

distribution of é in atoms.

⚫ This quantum numbers describe the quantum mechanisms

and the electron behaviour. It is derived by mathematical
functions of the Schrodinger Wave Equation called wave
functions.

⚫ This wave functions allowed electrons to move around the

nucleus with the specific energy.

⚫ The wave function is called orbital. Each orbital therefore

has characteristic energy and shape.
 ….QUANTUM NUMBERS
⚫ To describe an orbital, the quantum mechanism model
uses four quantum number such as n, l, m and s.

Notation Quantum number What do they indicates?

name

n Principal quantum Determine the numbers of shell in atoms

number and ions.

l Angular Momentum or Determine numbers of sub-shell in a

Azymuthal quantum shell.
number

m Magnetic quantum Determine numbers of orbital in sub-

number shell.

s Electron Spin quantum Determine the orientations of electron in

number. the orbital
….QUANTUM NUMBERS
⚫ The principal….QUANTUM
quantum number,NUMBERS
n, can have integral values
of 1, 2, 3 and so forth.
⚫ As n increases, the orbital becomes larger, and the
electrons spend more time further from the nucleus.

Principal Shell Types of Number of orbital Total number of é

Quantum subshell per shell can be occupied in
number, n shell

n=1 K 1s 1 2(1)2 = 2é (1 x 2)
n=2 L 2s 2p 1+3=4 2(2)2 = 8é (4 x 2)
n=3 M 3s 3p 3d 1+3+5=9 2(3)2 = 18é (9 x 2)
n=4 N 4s 4p 4d 4f 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 2(4)2 = 32é (16 x 2)
 ….QUANTUM NUMBERS
⚫ The maximum é in the sub-shell are based on formula 2n2 .
Where n = principal quantum number.
Example : n = 2
Sub-shell = 2s 2p
Maximum é number in shell = 2n2 = 2(2)2 = 8é

⚫ Electrons are arranged electrons in the sub-shell based on

boxes illustration.

Types Sub-shell No orbital per sub-shell illustrated by boxes

s 1 boxes (1 orbital)
p 3 boxes (3 orbitals) (Py Px and Pz)
d 5 boxes (5 orbitals) (dxy dxz dyz dx 2-dy 2 dz 2)
f 7 boxes (7 orbitals)
 ….QUANTUM NUMBERS
⚫ Each orbital can only occupied with maximum 2é only.
⚫ Each é must have different orientation (opposite spin) either
upwards (+1/2) or downwards (-1/2).
⚫ Therefore electrons can be arrange in sub-shell according
to the table below.

n Sub-shell maximum Electron arrangement in

number of é (2n2) in sub-shell
shell
1 1s 2 1s2
2 2s 2p 8 2s2 2p6
3 3s 3p 3d 18 3s2 3p6 3d10
4 4s 4p 4d 4f 32 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14
Principal Quantum Number, n
n = 1, 2, 3, 4,
….

n=1
n=2
n=3

Could determine distance of e- from the nucleus

….Principal Quantum Number,
* The principal energy levelsn
or principal shells on which the
electrons reside
* Energy increases with the value of n
* The larger value of n, the higher is the energy and less
stable are the electrons
* n can have integral values of 1, 2, 3, 4 ….until infinity
* The maximum number of electrons given by formula 2n2
Principal quantum Name of principal shell
number, n
1 K

2 L
3 M
4 N
 Angular Momentum Quantum Number, l

* Describes the geometrical shape of the orbital

* The value of l depend on the value of the n

* l has possible integral values from 0 to (n-1)

* The value of l designated by the letters, s, p, d, f……

l 0 1 2 3 4
Name of subshell s p d f g

Max num of electrons 2 6 10 14 18

in the subshell
 …Angular Momentum Quantum Number, l

for a given value of n,

l = 0, 1, 2, 3, … n-1

l=0 s orbital
n = 1, l = 0
l=1 p
n = 2, l = 0 or 1
orbital
n = 3, l = 0, 1, or
l=2 d
2
orbital
l=3 f orbital
Shape of the “volume” of space that the e- occupies
…Angular Momentum Quantum Number, l
l = 0 (s orbitals)

l = 1 (p orbitals)
…Angular Momentum Quantum Number, l

l = 2 (d orbitals)
 Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

* Describes the orientation of the orbital in space

* The value of m depends on the value of l

* m can have any integral value ranging from –l to +l

 ….Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

for a given value of l

ml = -l, …., 0, …. ,+l

if l = 1 (p orbital), ml = -1, 0, or 1
if l = 2 (d orbital), ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2

Could determine orientation of the orbital in space

….Magnetic Quantum Number, ml
3 orientations is space

ml = -1, 0, or 1
 ….Magnetic Quantum Number, ml
ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 5 orientations is space
2
 Electron Spin Quantum Number, ms

* Describes the two possible spinning motions of an

electron

* s takes the value +½ ( ↑ ) and - ½ ( ↓ )

….Electron Spin Quantum Number, ms

ms = +½ (upwards) OR
-½ (downwards)

ms = +½ ms = -½
…

n = 1 (K) l=0 m=0

l=0 m=0
n=2 (L)
m = -1
l=1
m=0

m = +1
l=0
n = 3 (M) m=0
m = -1
l=1 m=0
m = +1

m = -2
m = -1
l =2 m= 0
m =+1
m = +2
 ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
⚫ The electrons are distributed among the various orbital of
an atom is called electron configuration.

⚫ There are three types of electron configurations

i) Shell form
ii) Sub-shell form
iii) Boxes illustration form
…ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS

⚫ For example:
Silicone has 14 electrons. Write 3 type of electronic
configuration of this atom.
Si : 14 electrons
i) shell form: 2.8.4
ii) sub-shell form: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
iii) boxes form :⮃ ⮃ ⮃ ⮃ ⮃ ⮃ ⭡ ⭡
1s 2
2s 2
2p 6
3s 2
3p 2
 …ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
⚫ Electronic configuration of the element also can be written
as Nobel gases configuration:

Si : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

: [Ne] 3s2 3p2

⚫ Electronic configuration of Nobel gases:-

2 He: 2 : 1s2 @ [He]

10Ne: 2.8 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 @ [Ne]
18 Ar : 2.8.8 : 1s 2
2s 2
2p6
3s 2
3p6
@ [Ar]
Energy of orbitals in a multi-electron atom
Energy depends on n and l

n=3 l = 2

n=3 l = 1
n=3 l = 0

n=2 l = 1
n=2 l = 0

n=1 l = 0
“Fill up” electrons in lowest energy orbitals
(Aufbau principle)
 Order of orbitals (filling) in multi-electron atom

Lowest energy

Aufbau Principle

Highest energy
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
Please remember:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
The most stable arrangement of electrons in
subshells is the one with the greatest number of
parallel spins (Hund’s rule).
Electron configuration
is how the electrons are distributed among the
various atomic orbitals in an atom.
number of electrons
in the orbital or subshell

1s1
principal quantum angular momentum
number n quantum number l

Orbital diagram

H
1s1
What is the electron configuration of Mg?
Mg 12 electrons
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s
1s22s22p63s2 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 = 12
electrons
Abbreviated as [Ne]3s2
[He] 2s22p6
What are the possible quantum numbers for the last
(outermost) electron in Cl?

Cl 17 electrons 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s

1s22s22p63s23p5 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 5 = 17
electrons
Last electron added to 3p orbital

n=3 l=1 ml = -1, 0, or +1 ms = ½ or -½

How to represent each electron in the
orbital in term of quantum number?
n l m S What Orbital?
1 0 0 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2) 1s

2 0 0 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2) 2s

2 1 -1 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2)

2 1 0 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2) 2p
2 1 1 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2)

3 0 0 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2) 3s

3 1 -1 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2)

3 1 0 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2) 3p
3 1 1 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2)

3 2 -2 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2)

3 2 -1 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2)

3 2 0 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2) 3d
3 2 1 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2)

3 2 2 ↑(+1/2), ↓(-1/2)
Outermost subshell being filled with electrons