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Learning Week 4

The document provides an overview of learning and different theories of learning. It discusses: - Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning theory where a dog learns to salivate when hearing a bell through repeated pairing with food. - B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory where behaviors are modified by their consequences through reinforcement or punishment. Reinforcement increases behaviors while punishment decreases them. - Types of reinforcement include positive reinforcement by introducing a reward and negative reinforcement by removing an unpleasant stimulus. Punishment includes positive punishment by adding an unpleasant stimulus and negative punishment by removing a pleasant stimulus.

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Alishba Muhammad Sharif
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45 views

Learning Week 4

The document provides an overview of learning and different theories of learning. It discusses: - Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning theory where a dog learns to salivate when hearing a bell through repeated pairing with food. - B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory where behaviors are modified by their consequences through reinforcement or punishment. Reinforcement increases behaviors while punishment decreases them. - Types of reinforcement include positive reinforcement by introducing a reward and negative reinforcement by removing an unpleasant stimulus. Punishment includes positive punishment by adding an unpleasant stimulus and negative punishment by removing a pleasant stimulus.

Uploaded by

Alishba Muhammad Sharif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Psychology

Week 4
Learning

IQRA UNIVERSITY KARACHI CAMPUS.


LEARNING
• Learning is defined as

“a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting


from experience”.
• Learning is a complex and ever-changing experience
comes from ever-changing environment,
• using continuously updating knowledge gained
through experience.

• It is our capacity to learn new behavior that enables


us to cope with ever-changing circumstances.
• It includes reflexes, voluntary behaviors, verbal
behaviors, unobservable behavior i.e. thinking.

• Learning cannot observe directly but it can be


observed by changes in observable behaviors,
e.g. driving, dancing, swimming, reading,
writing etc.
• An infant learns to make and understand facial
expression.
• After witnessing an older sibling being punished
for taking a cookie without cooking without
asking, the young child does not take cookies
without permission.
• It can never be observed directly but through
observation of a change in performance.

• Change due to fatigue or drug/medication is


not considered as learning.

• Few animals can also learn new behaviors


and skills through learning, e.g. parrots, dogs,
cats, lion, elephant, dolphins, monkeys etc.
Characteristics of learning:
▪ It can take place only through experience.
▪ It brings relatively permanent change in behavior.
▪ It involves mastering new skills e.g. area of
specialization, emotional development, social
interaction, personality development, when to fear,
how to be polite etc.
Types of Learning
• Cognitive approaches to learning
• Social Learning/ Observational learning

• Behavioural approaches to learning


• Learning through classical conditioning
• Learning through operant conditioning
Approaches Of Learning
Behavioral Approaches by
Ivan Pavlov
• Classical and Operant conditioning.

Cognitive Approach by Albert


Bandura
• Social Learning theory
What is stimulus
Stimulus & Response
Stimulus& response
Classical Conditioning
About the researcher:
The theory was given by Russian scientist by Ivan
Pavlov.

He was awarded in 1904 for his work on the physiology


of digestion

He was well known for his classical conditioning theory


where he trained a dog to salivate with the ringing bell.
“Learning is a change in behavior due to environmental
and external events.”
Classical Conditioning
What was the idea behind the experiment?
• Nobody trains a dog to salivate when they see food.

• He kept a hungry dog in the lab and offered him meet at different time inter-
vals.

• Whenever the dog saw meet it started to salivate. Later on he started offering
meet to dog with the ring of bell

He kept repeating the process till the time when the dog got trained in the
process called conditioning in this process.
Types of stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): Anything that generates natural
response.
Example: someone throws ball at you and you reflex back by saving
yourself.
e.G food.
Conditioned stimulus(CS): The conditioned stimulus is like a neutral stimulus that
has no response till the time it gets associated with the unconditioned stimulus eventually
comes to a trigger a response.

Example: In the experiment bell is the neutral stimulus which then becomes the condi-
tioned stimulus.
Types of Responses
Unconditioned Response (UR):
• it is an unlearned response or naturally occurring in nature in reaction to un-
conditioned stimulus.
Example ; when dog looks at food and salivates
Conditioned Response (CR): A response we get when we train something with
a neutral stimulus.
Example (bell + food) = salivation CS (when dog started to salivate on ringing
the bell)
Major findings of theory:
• Pavlov said the dogs were demonstrating classical
conditioning.
• He summed it up that there is neutral stimulus (the bell)
which by itself will not produce a response like salivation.
• There is an unconditioned stimulus ( the food) which will
produce an unconditioned response (salivation)
• So according to Pavlov repetition of things may lead to
learning.
Limitations:
• If there is an time lapse between the bell and food then there will
be no learning.
• If you keep ringing the bell but not giving the food then saliva-
tion will stop called as extinction.
• Dog must identify the right bell rather than salivating on any
bell. (discrimination is important)
.
.
Classical Conditioning and Business Strategies
⮚ Marketing strategy-feeling of euphoria or satisfaction,
e.g. Thanda matlab Coca- Cola
⮚ Products link with the advertisement shown
⮚ Price discount / Sales
Operant conditioning
(instrumental conditioning- B F. Skinner 1904-1990)

“Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which an individual's


behavior is modified by its consequences”

Learning a new response as a result of the fact that:


• The same response has resulted in a reward or punishment
(reinforcement).
• The reinforcement increases the chance of repetition of the
behavior.
Reinforcer – A stimulus that increases the frequency of
behaviors.
Shaping
• Reinforcing Approaching Final Behavior
• Breaking Task into Parts
“the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of
the desired behavior”
Reinforced Will Weaken
• A toddler previously learned that throwing a tantrum at the grocery
store will get him candies. When mom stops giving in those fits, the
child throws fewer and fewer tantrums and stops altogether eventually.
The learned tantrums have been extinct.
• A dog previously learned that jumping up on its owner will result in
receiving a threat. When owner stops giving treats to jumping, the dog
eventually stops.
Principles: Reinforcement
A consequence that strengthens a behavior
• Repeat: Reinforcement Strengthens a Behavior. If the Frequency
of a Behavior increases
Types of Reinforcement and Punishment

Positive Rein- Negative Rein-


forcement forcement

Positive Punish- Negative Punish-


ment ment
Reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement: A desirable stimulus is introduced to encourage a
behavior.
e.g. Receiving a bonus after successful completion of an important project.
A child is given a candy after he cleans his room.
• Behaviors that are followed by the consequences that are satisfying to the
organisms are more likely to be repeated.
• Here the desirable stimulus is the reward to encourage the behavior that is
desired.
Negative Reinforcement
Learning by Punishment
▪ Punishment is an unpleasant or
painful stimuli that restricts the unde-
sired
behavior to repeat.

e.g. A student is threatened with a


suspension or dismissal after violating
university rules.
Principles: Punishment
• A Consequence that Weakens a Behavior
• If the frequency of a behavior decreases after a consequence, the consequence is a
punisher
• There are several types of punishers

Positive (+) Punishment – Behavior is followed by the presenting (or adding) of something
bad when an undesired behavior is exhibited e.g. Your cell phone rings in the middle of a
class lecture, and you are scolded by your teacher for not turning your phone off before
class.
Adding extra sensitivity training (adding stimulus ) to employees who offend someone
at work.
Negative Punishment
• Negative (-) Punishment - Behavior is followed by the taking
away of something good when an undesired behavior is ex-
hibited. e.g. After getting into a fight with his sister over who
gets to play with a new toy, the mother simply takes the toy
away;
• Teens reckless driving --- parents take away driving privi-
leges.
Example:
• A worker is caught stealing supplies from her work place. The
work place has zero tolerance for employee stealing. After be-
ing caught she is fired from job.
(being job taken away is desirable thing) for being caught
stealing. The worker will have no money to live and must
find a job. This will also encourage, the worker will not to
steal in future.
Reward/Reinforcement are the core tools
Administering Punishment
1. It should be immediate
2. It should be in private
3. It should have advance warning
4. It should be consistent
5. It should be impersonal
6. It should provide an acceptable alternative behavior

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