EEE - 4217
Numerical Examples
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Multiuser Systems
Multiple Access
TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, FDMA
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Example: 1: First-generation analog cellular systems were allocated a total
bandwidth of B = 25 MHz for uplink channels and another B = 25 MHz for
downlink channels. This bandwidth allocation was split between two
operators in every region, so each operator had 12.5 MHz for both their
uplink and downlink channels. Each user was assigned Bc = 30 KHz of
spectrum for its analog voice signal, corresponding to 24 KHz for the FM
modulated signal and 3 KHz guard bands on each side. The total uplink and
downlink bandwidths also required guard bands of Bg = 10 KHz on each
side to mitigate interference to and from adjacent systems.
(i) Find the total number of analog voice users that could be supported in
the total 25 MHz of bandwidth allocated to the uplink and the downlink.
(ii) Consider a more efficient digital system with high-level modulation so
that only 10 KHz channels are required for a digital voice signal with
tighter filtering such that only 5 KHz guard bands are required on the band
edges.
How many users can be supported in the same 25 MHz of spectrum for this more
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
efficient digital system?
Solution:
Bandwidth required for each user, Bu = Bc + 2Bg
Where,
Bc = Bandwidth of spectrum assigned for each user.
Bg = Guard band.
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
The digital system has users that can be supported
in each cell, almost a three-fold increase over the
analog system.
The increase is primarily due to the bandwidth
savings of the high-level digital modulation,
which can accommodate a voice signal in one
third the bandwidth of the analog voice signal.
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Example:2: The original GSM design uses 25 MHz of
bandwidth for the uplink and for the downlink. This
bandwidth is divided into 125 TDMA channels of 200
KHz each. Each TDMA channel consists of 8 user time
slots: the 8 timeslots along with a preamble and trailing
bits form a frame, which is cyclically repeated in time.
(i) Find the total number of users that can be supported in
the GSM system and the channel bandwidth of each
user.
(ii) If the rms delay spread of the channel is 10 μsecs,
will ISI mitigation be needed in this system?
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Solution:
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
A delay spread of 10 μsecs corresponds to a
channel coherence bandwidth of Bc ≈ 100 KHz,
which is less than the TDMA channel bandwidth
of 200 KHz.
Thus, ISI mitigation is needed. The GSM
specification includes an equalizer to compensate
for ISI, but the type of equalizer is at the
discretion of the designer.
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Path Loss and Shadowing
Cell Coverage Area
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Example:3: Consider a cellular system designed so that
Pmin= Pr(R) , i.e. the received power due to path loss and
average shadowing at the cell boundary equals the
minimum received power required for acceptable
performance.
Find the coverage area for path loss values γ =2,4,6 and
ψdB= 4,8,12 and explain how coverage changes as γ and
ψdB increase.
Where, ψdB =standard deviation
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Solution:
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Outage Probability under Path Loss and
Shadowing
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Not surprisingly, for fixed γ the coverage area increases as
σψdB decreases: that is because a smaller σψdB means less
variation about the mean path loss, and since with no shadowing
we have 100% coverage (since Pmin = Pr(R)), we expect that as
σψdB decreases to zero, coverage area increases to 100%.
It is a bit more puzzling that for a fixed σψdB coverage area
increases as γ increases, since a larger γ implies that received
signal power falls off more quickly. But recall that we have set
Pmin = Pr(R), so the faster power falloff is already taken into
account (i.e. we need to transmit at much higher power with γ =
6 than with γ = 2 for this equality to hold). The reason coverage
area increases with path loss exponent under this assumption is
that, as γ increases, the transmit power must increase to satisfy
Pmin = Pr(R). This results in higher average power throughout
the cell, resulting in a higher coverage area.
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Path Loss and Shadowing
Free-Space Path Loss
Example: 04: Consider an indoor wireless LAN with fc =
900 MHz, cells of radius 100 m, and non-directional
antennas. Under the free-space path loss model, what
transmit power is required at the access point such that all
terminals within the cell receive a minimum power of 10
μW. How does this change if the system frequency is 5
GHz? Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Solution
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
Dr. Md. Selim Hossain, EEE, RUET
