Example

General
Chemistry 2

Properties of
Liquids
Week 2
Mr. Ronualdo P. Esteban
SHS Faculty
Lesson Objectives: At the end of
the lesson, you will be able to:

1.describe the properties of liquids: surface

tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling
point, and molar heat of vaporization;
2.explain the effect of intermolecular forces on
these properties;
3.explain the properties of water with its
molecular structure and intermolecular
forces; and
4.list the properties of water and relate it to its
intermolecular force. 2
 The strength of
the attractions
Intermolecular between
Forces Affect particles can
Many Physical greatly affect the
Properties properties of a
substance or
solution.
4
Properties of
Liquids
Surface
tension is the
amount of energy
required to stretch
or increase the
surface of a liquid
by a unit area.
Strong
intermolecular
forces High
surface
tension 5
The molecular basis of surface tension.

A surface molecule
experiences a net
attraction downward.
This causes a liquid
surface to have the
smallest area possible.
An interior molecule is
attracted by others on
all sides.
Surface tension is the energy required to increase
the surface area of a liquid. The stronger the
forces between the particles the higher the
surface tension.
 Surface Tension
• The layer of molecules
on the surface behave
differently than the
interior
– because the cohesive
forces on the surface
molecules have a net
pull into the liquid
interior
• The surface layer acts
like an elastic skin
– allowing you to
“float” a paper clip
even though steel is
7
denser than water
 Surface Tension and Forces Between
Particles
Surface Tension
Substance Formula (J/m2) at 200C Major Force(s)

Diethyl ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 1.7x10-2 Dipole-dipole; dispersion

Ethanol CH3CH2OH 2.3x10-2 H bonding

Butanol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 2.5x10-2 H bonding; dispersion

Water H2 O 7.3x10-2 H bonding

Mercury Hg 48x10-2 Metallic bonding

 Factors Affecting Surface Tension
• The stronger the intermolecular
attractive forces, the higher the surface
tension will be
• Raising the temperature of a liquid
reduces its surface tension
– raising the temperature of the liquid
increases the average kinetic energy of
the molecules
– the increased molecular motion
makes it easier to stretch the surface
9
 10
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
11
 Capillary Action
• The rise of liquids up
narrow tubes is called
capillary action.
• Adhesive forces attract
the liquid to the wall of
the tube.
• Cohesive forces attract
the liquid to itself.
• Water has stronger
adhesive forces with
glass; mercury has
stronger cohesive forces
with itself.
Forces in Capillary Action
Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like
molecules
Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules

Adhesion

Cohesion

13
Capillary action and the shape of the water
or mercury meniscus in glass.

A. Water displays a B. Mercury displays a

concave meniscus. convex meniscus.
15
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance
to flow.

Strong
intermolecular
forces

High
viscosity

16
Viscosity of Water at Several Temperatures

Viscosity is resistance of a fluid to flow.

Viscosity
Temperature (°C) (N∙s/m2)*

20 1.00x10−3

40 0.65x10−3

60 0.47x10−3

80 0.35x10−3

*The units of viscosity are Newton-seconds per square meter.

Viscosity and Molecular Shape
• Liquids consisting of long, flexible molecules tend to
have higher viscosities than those composed of more
spherical or shorter-chain molecules. The longer the
molecules, the easier it is for them to become
“tangled” with one another, making it more difficult
for them to move past one another. London
dispersion forces also increase with chain length.
Due to a combination of these two effects, long-chain
hydrocarbons (such as motor oils) are highly viscous.

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 Factors Affecting Viscosity
• The stronger the intermolecular attractive forces, the
higher the liquid’s viscosity will be
• The more spherical the molecular shape, the lower the
viscosity will be
– molecules roll more easily
– less surface-to-surface contact lowers attractions
• Raising the temperature of a liquid reduces its viscosity
– raising the temperature of the liquid increases the
average kinetic energy of the molecules
– the increased molecular motion makes it easier to
overcome the intermolecular attractions and flow
19
Vapor Pressure
• At any temperature,
some liquid
molecules have
enough energy to
escape the surface
and become a gas.
• As the temperature
rises, the fraction of
molecules that have
enough energy to
break free increases.
• As more molecules
escape the liquid,
the pressure they
exert increases.
• The liquid and vapor
reach a state of
dynamic
equilibrium: liquid
molecules evaporate
and vapor molecules
condense at the
same rate.
• The boiling point
of a liquid is the
temperature at
which its vapor
pressure equals
atmospheric
pressure.
• The normal
boiling point is
the temperature at
which its vapor
pressure is 760
torr.
Vapor Pressure (vp)
Vapor Pressure:
Pressure exerted by
molecules that have
enough energy to
escape the surface.
As T↑VP↑evaporation ↑
Liquids with high VP are
volatile (alcohol
evaporates easily)
Liquids that have strong
IMF have low vapor
pressures.
(take a lot of energy to
overcome IMF so it
can evaporate)
23
Boiling Point
The vapor pressure of the liquid = air
pressure above the liquid

Higher Atmospheric Pressure = More Energy

Required to Boil = Higher Boiling Point 24
Boiling Pts. of H2O at Various Elevations

Altitude compared Boiling

to Sea Level Point
(m) (°C)

1609 98.3

177 100.3

25
Boiling Point
↑ boiling pt by
↑ in IMF
Or
↓ VP
At high altitudes (low air pressure)
water boils at a lower temperature

The bubbles in a boiling liquid are made

up of molecules of the liquid which have
gained enough energy to change to the
gaseous phase. 26
 Water’s unique properties
allow life to exist on Earth.
Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water.
• Water is a polar covalent molecule.
– Polar molecules have slightly charged
regions.

O
H H
+ +

– Nonpolar molecules do not have charged regions.

Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water

• Hydrogen bonds
form between
slightly positive
hydrogen atoms
and slightly
negative atoms.
 • Hydrogen bonds are responsible for five
important properties of water.
1. universal solvent (adhesion)
2. high specific heat
3. High heat of vaporization
4. surface tension (cohesion/polar)
5. less dense as a solid

Fig. The water's surface (left,

dyed red) is curved down
because water has greater
adhesion than cohesion. The
surface of the mercury (right)
is curved up because mercury
has greater cohesion than
adhesion.
• Universal solvent (adhesion) – the
attraction among molecules of different
substances is called adhesion. In other
words, water is “sticky” to lots of other
substances.

Example: Adhesion transpiration

helps plants
transport water
from their roots to
their leaves because
water sticks to the
sides of cellular
structures in plants
called xylem.
 Many compounds dissolve in water.
• A solution is formed when one substance
dissolves in another.
– A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
– Solvents dissolve other substances.
– Solutes dissolve in a solvent.

solution
“Like dissolves like.”
– Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes.
– Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.
– Polar substances and nonpolar substances
generally remain separate.

Nonpolar Ex:
Polar Ex: The
Fats and oils
liquid part of your
rarely dissolve in
blood, called
water. Fats and
plasma, is about
oils are nonpolar
95% water. The
so they do not
solvent in plasma
have charged
is water and all
regions so they
the dissolved
are not attracted
substances are
to polar
the solutes:
molecules.
sugars and
proteins etc..
 High specific heat
• Specific heat: the amount of heat
required to raise or lower the
temperature of 1 gram of substance 1
degree C.
– a lot of heat energy is required to
break hydrogen bonds, water
resists temperature change.
– When water is heated, most of the
heat is used to break hydrogen
bonds and not much is left over to
raise the temperature of the water.
Because water can absorb a lot of
heat with little change in
temperature, it acts as a thermal
buffer.
• On a small scale, water in a
cell can absorb much heat with
little change in temperature.
• On a larger scale, the water in
the ocean acts as a thermal
buffer for the earth, resisting
temperature change and
creating a hospitable
environment for life.
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 High specific heat – hydrogen bonds
give water abnormally high specific heat. This
means water resists changes in temperature.

• Water also helps

maintain homeostasis
inside cells by keeping
temperatures stable.

For instance, our fish in the pond is indeed happy because the heat capacity
of the water in his pond above means the temperature of the water will stay
relatively the same from day to night. He doesn't have to worry about either
turning on his air conditioner or putting on his woolen flipper gloves.
High heat of vaporization
• Heat of vaporization: The amount of
heat required for 1 gram of a
substance to be converted from a
liquid to a gas.
– Hydrogen bonds make it difficult
for water molecules to escape the
liquid state and are responsible for
water's high heat of vaporization.
– The hydrogen bonds must be
broken before water can evaporate
and this requires considerable
energy.
Because water has a high heat of
vaporization
Helps our bodies and our planet to
maintain our temperature within a
tolerable range.
When we get hot and sweat, water
evaporates from our skin and cools
us. Since the evaporation of water
requires a considerable amount of
energy, it is very effective in cooling
us.
Water also helps moderate global
climate by absorbing solar radiation
and dissipating the heat by
evaporation of surface water.
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Water is less dense as a solid
due to its hydrogen bonds.
 Water is less dense as a
solid
• Water is also unique in the way temperature affects its
density.
• Most substances increase in density as temperature
decreases because the molecules making up the substance
begin to move more slowly and get closer together.
– The density of water increases as it is cooled to 4 degrees
C
– and then its density begins to decrease as the
temperature decreases to 0 degrees C, the freezing point
of water.
• As the freezing point is approached, hydrogen bonds
relax and form a crystal lattice that keeps molecules
further apart than they are in liquid water.
• This is the reason why ice floats and ponds don't freeze
solid.
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