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EE465-Lecture 2

This document discusses the static and dynamic characteristics of measurement systems and instruments. It defines static characteristics such as accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, tolerance, range, span, linearity, sensitivity, threshold, resolution, drift, and hysteresis. Dynamic characteristics include speed of response, fidelity, dynamic error, lag, and static and dynamic transfer functions. The document explains how these characteristics influence the performance and response of instruments to measured inputs.

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44 views34 pages

EE465-Lecture 2

This document discusses the static and dynamic characteristics of measurement systems and instruments. It defines static characteristics such as accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, tolerance, range, span, linearity, sensitivity, threshold, resolution, drift, and hysteresis. Dynamic characteristics include speed of response, fidelity, dynamic error, lag, and static and dynamic transfer functions. The document explains how these characteristics influence the performance and response of instruments to measured inputs.

Uploaded by

Technical saad
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Instruments & Measurements

Lecture 2
Topics to be discussed in this lecture:

• Elements of a generalized measurement


system
• Characteristics of Instruments and
Measurement System
• Static Characteristics of Measurement
System/Instrument
• Dynamic Characteristics of Measurement
System/Instrument
Introduction to todays lecture
• In this lecture, we’ll learn how the measurement
system respond to measured.
• It depend on the characteristics of measurement
system or instrument.
• It is also dependent on the input to the
measurement system or instrument.
• We are interested in learning those characteristics
which are related to the performance of the
instrument known as Performance Characteristics.
Introduction to todays lecture
• Performance is;
• “How efficiently the instrument is measuring”
• As discussed in last slide, that response of
instrument or measurement system is
dependent on input.
• In general, there are two types of inputs;
• Static
• Dynamic
Characteristics of
Instruments and
Measurement
Systems
Performance Characteristics of measurement
systems
• To choose the one most suited to a particular
measurement application, we have to know the
measurement system characteristics.

• The performance characteristics may be broadly


divided into two groups, namely ‘static’ and
‘dynamic’ characteristics w.r.t inputs to
measurement system.
E.g. :- Temperature of furnace with constant input

E.g. :- Temperature of furnace with rapid input


•Static
characteristics
Static Performance of Instrument
• The following terms specify the static characteristics of the
measuring systems and devices:

1. Accuracy 8. Linearity

2. Precision 9. Sensitivity

3. Repeatability 10. Threshold

4. Reproducibility 11. Resolution

5. Tolerance 12. Drift

6. Range 13. Hysteresis

7. Span
Accuracy
* Accuracy refers to the degree of closeness
to the True value of the quantity under
measurement.
• The only time a measurement can be exactly correct is
when it is a count of a number of items.
• In all other cases there will be difference between the
true value and the measured value by an instrument.
That is, there will be measurement error.
• Higher the accuracy, lower the error.
• Accuracy is used to express error or uncertainty.
• This term is used to specify the maximum overall error
from a device.
Precision
Precision is the measure of consistency or
 repeatably of measurement.
• Precision is an indicator of the closeness
between repeated readings (Readings do not have to
be close to an expected or true value to be considered precise, they
just need to be close to each other )
Repeatability
describes the closeness of output readings
when the same input is applied repetitively
over a short period of time with the same:

• measurement conditions
• Instrument
• observer
• location
Reproducibility
describes the closeness of output readings for
the same input when there are changes in:

• the measurement conditions


• Instrument
• observer
• location
Tolerance
is a term that is closely related to accuracy and
defines the maximum error that is to be
expected in some value.

Example:
Electric circuit components such as resistors have tolerances
of perhaps 5%. One resistor chosen at random from a batch
having a nominal value 1000W and tolerance 5% might
have an actual value anywhere between 950W and 1050 W.
Range and Span
The range of an instrument defines the
minimum and maximum values of a quantity
that the instrument is designed to measure.

Span is the difference between maximum


value and the minimum value that the
instrument is designed to measure
Example:  0 – 20 V Range  – Span is 20
25c – 100c Range –Span is 75c
Linearity
• Linearity refers to a mathematical relationship or function
that can be graphically represented as a straight line.
• Measurand and measurement value must exhibit a linear
relationship.
• It is normally desirable that the output reading of an
instruments is linearly proportional to input.
For the simplicity of design, a linear relationship
between the input and output is highly
desirable. When a linear relationship exists, a
straight line can be used.
Sensitivity
Sensitivity is the ratio of change in magnitude
of the output to the change in magnitude
of the input 
Sensitivity = D(output) / D(input)
Example:
If the measured output is increased by 100 mV for a
temperature change of 4 C, the sensitivity is
S = DV/DT
= 100 mV/4 C 
= 25 mV/C
Threshold
If the input to an instrument is gradually increased
from zero, the input will have to reach a certain
minimum level before the change in the
instrument output reading is of a large enough
magnitude to be detectable. This minimum level of
input is known as the threshold of the instrument.

Example : Fuel level indicator 


Resolution
• Resolution is the fineness to which an
instrument can be read.
• Resolution is the minimal change of the input
necessary to produce a detectable change at
the output
What is the resolution here ?
Drift
It is defined as the variation of output for a given
input caused due to change in sensitivity of the
instrument due to certain interfering inputs like
temperature changes, component instabilities,
etc.

Example: Errors in pointer scale and oscilloscope.


Hysteresis
Hysteresis is defined as the magnitude of error
caused in the output for a given value of input,
when this value is approached from opposite
directions
i.e. from ascending order & then descending
order.
Dynamic
characteristics
Dynamic characteristics
Instruments rarely respond instantaneously to changes
in the measured variables.
Instead, they exhibit slowness due to such things as:
• Mass
• Thermal capacitance
• Fluid capacitance
• Electric capacitance
Dynamic characteristics
The variations in the input, that are used practically to achieve
dynamic behavior are:
• Step input: The input is subjected to a finite and
instantaneous change. E.g.: closing of switch.
• Linear input: The input linearly changes with respect to time.
• Sinusoidal input: The input changes in accordance with a
sinusoidal function of constant amplitude.
Dynamic characteristics
Dynamic characteristics of a measurement system are:
• Speed of response: indicates how fast the measurement system
react to changes in the input variable.
• Fidelity: it is defined as the degree to which a measurement
system is capable of faithfully reproducing the changes in input,
without any dynamic error.
• Dynamic error: it is the difference between the true value of
quantity that is to be measured, changing with time and the
measured value.
• Lag: the time which is required by any system to respond to the
changes in input. The lags are of two types:
• Retardation lag: as soon as change in input, system begin to
respond.
• Time delay: system begin to respond after the input is applied.
Static and Dynamic Transfer function
• The transfer function, describes the relationship between the input
and output for the block. The transfer function is often described in
two parts, the static part and the dynamic part.

• The static transfer function describes the input/output relationship


when the input is not changing in time.

• The dynamic transfer function describes the input/output


relationship when there is time variation of the input.

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