Course Name :Electric and

Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Course Code:EEC405
MODULE: INTRODUCTION
 Basics of vehicles mechanisms

An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An

electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be
self-contained with a battery, solar panels, fuel cells or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity.

An EV has the following two features:

1. The energy source is portable and chemical or electromechanical in nature.
2. Traction effort is supplied only by an electric motor.
 History of electric vehicles (EV) and
hybrid electric vehicles (HEV)
•Electric vehicles paved their way into public use as early as the middle of the 19th century, even
before the introduction of gasoline-powered vehicles.
•In the year 1900, 4200 automobiles were sold, out of which 40% were steam powered, 38%
were electric powered, and 22% were gasoline powered. However, the invention of the starter
motor, improvements in mass production technology of gas powered vehicles, and
inconvenience in battery charging led to the disappearance of the EV in the early 1900s.
• However, environmental issues and the unpleasant dependence on oil led to the resurgence of
interest in EVs in the 1960s. Growth in the enabling technologies added to environmental and
economic concerns over the next several decades, increasing the demand for investing in
research and development for EVs.
•Interest and research in EVs soared in the 1990s, with the major automobile manufacturers
embarking on plans for introducing their own electric or hybrid electric
Summary
The history of EVs in those early years up to its peak period in the early 1900s is summarized below:
• Pre-830-Steam-powered transportation
• 1831—Faraday’s law, and shortly thereafter, invention of DC motor
• 1834—Non rechargeable battery-powered electric car used on a short track
• 1851—Nonr echargeable 19 mph electric car
• 1859—Development of lead storage battery
• 1874—Battery-powered carriage
• Early 1870s-Electricity produced by dynamo-generators
• 1885—Gasoline-powered tricycle car
• 1900—4200 automobiles sold: • 40% steam powered • 38% electric powered • 22% gasoline powered
The specifications of some of the early EVs are given below:
• 1897—French Krieger Co. EV: weight, 2230 lb; top speed, 15 mph; range, 50 mi/charge
• 1900—French B.G.S. Co. EV: top speed, 40 mph; range, 100 mi/charge
• 1912—34,000 EVs registered; EVs outnumber gas-powered vehicles 2-to-1
• 1915—Woods EV: top speed, 40 mph; range, 100 mi/charge
• 1915—Lansden EV: weight, 2460 Ib, top speed, 93 mi/charge, capacity, 1 ton payload
• 1920s—EVs disappear, and ICEVs become predominant
The factors that led to the disappearance of EV after its short period of success were as follows: 1.
Invention of starter motor in 1911 made gas vehicles easier to start.
2. Improvements in mass production of Henry T (gas-powered car) vehicles sold for $260 in 1925,
compared to $850 in 1909. EVs were more expensive.
 Importance of electric cars

1. Reduce or even eliminate your fuel costs

•Weekly trips to the gas station to fuel up your car are expensive, especially when the ever-fluctuating
price of gasoline is high. By choosing an electric vehicle, you can forget about paying for gasoline and
being at the mercy of gas prices.
•Not only is electricity less expensive than gasoline, it also has a much more stable price point, meaning
that rapid price swings are all but eliminated by going electric.
•You can reduce your costs even further by installing a rooftop solar installation to charge your electric
vehicle.
•When you produce your own free electricity, you avoid increasing your monthly electric bill by
plugging your electric vehicle into the grid.
•Due to the remarkable flexibility of electricity generation, it is possible to entirely remove fuel costs
from your life.
 Importance of electric cars
2. Reduce car emissions to help the environment
•Humans have historically had a very negative impact on our environment, and switching to an electric
vehicle is one way to reduce further damage to the earth. Carbon dioxide emissions from traditional
vehicles contribute to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and accelerate climate change.
•All-electric vehicles don’t release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when you drive them, and
hybrid electric cars use their battery to greatly improve the distance you can travel with a gasoline-
powered engine.
•Electric vehicles can be fueled by electricity from renewable sources, such as wind, hydropower, and
solar, while gasoline can only be produced through intensive extraction and transportation processes.
• Electric vehicles are also built to be more environmentally friendly than conventional vehicles, as the
large battery inside your electric car can be recycled. By choosing an electric car, you can reduce your
carbon footprint and pollution impact to help preserve our natural environment.
 Importance of electric cars
3. Become energy independent
Owning a conventional vehicle means being tied to the gas pump – the only way to fuel your car
is by buying gasoline. Electric vehicles are fueled by connecting to the electric grid, and
electricity can be produced through several generation methods.
Importantly, electric vehicles allow you to become energy independent, through the installation
of renewable electricity generation such as a solar array to fuel your car. By pairing a solar PV
system with an electric vehicle, you can become energy independent and produce free electricity
from the sun to power your car, instead of buying fuel at the gas pump.
 Need of EV AND EHV
•HEV has been promoted extensively in the last decade. Nearly each manufacturer has at least one HEV in
the market. It is supposed to rescue the battery energy storage problem at that time.
• Using hybrid vehicle it allows the electric power can be obtained from engine. The HEV is broadly divided
into series hybrid and parallel hybrid. The engine power of the series hybrid is connected totally to the
battery.
•All the motor power is derived from the battery. For the parallel hybrid, both the engine and motor
contribute the propulsion power. The torque is the sum of both motor and engine. The motor is also used
as a generator to absorb the power from engine through the transmission.
• Bothe series or hybrid can absorb power through regeneration during braking or deceleration.
Nevertheless, HEV still has emission.
•The introduction of plug-in HEV that solves some of the problem. It accepts the electric power to battery
through plug in from the mains. Therefore when convenient, users may charge the battery using AC from
the mains.
Power/Energy supplies requirements for
EV/HEV applications.
Analysis for Power and Energy Process included defining
► vehicle platforms (mass, aerodynamic, and rolling resistance)
► vehicle performance targets (acceleration, top speed, grade)
► the desired equivalent electric range
► the operating strategy (all-electric and blended)
► the usable SOC window. (state-of charge (SOC).
► electric vehicle consumption (Wh/mile)
► peak power requirements for a particular drive cycle
► peak power requirements during charge-sustaining operation.
 State of the art and Indian and global
scenario in EV/HEV
I. INTRODUCTION
II. WHY ELECTRIC VEHICLES?
III. PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF EVS
IV. PRESENT STATUS