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R Programming

R is a programming language and software environment for statistical analysis and graphics. It is highly extensible via packages that provide a wide variety of statistical and graphical techniques. R provides functions for data manipulation, calculation, and graphical displays. It is a popular tool in academia for data analysis tasks like cleaning data, statistical testing, modeling, machine learning, and creating visualizations. R has advantages for flexibility and customization but may be less suitable for beginning programmers compared to Python.

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Raja Farhatul Aiesya Binti Raja Azhar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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135 views

R Programming

R is a programming language and software environment for statistical analysis and graphics. It is highly extensible via packages that provide a wide variety of statistical and graphical techniques. R provides functions for data manipulation, calculation, and graphical displays. It is a popular tool in academia for data analysis tasks like cleaning data, statistical testing, modeling, machine learning, and creating visualizations. R has advantages for flexibility and customization but may be less suitable for beginning programmers compared to Python.

Uploaded by

Raja Farhatul Aiesya Binti Raja Azhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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R PROGRAMMING

MOHD FIKRI HADRAWI


Centre Of Statistics And Decision Science Studies
Faculty Of Computer And Mathematical Sciences
UiTM Shah Alam, Selangor
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 016-815 0306/03-5543 5507
Office: S3-13, CS1, FSKM
INTRODUCTION TO R
What is R??
 R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics.
 R provides a wide variety of statistical (linear and nonlinear modelling,
classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification,
clustering, …) and graphical techniques, and is highly extensible.
 It is very flexible and highly customizable. Excellent graphical tools
make R an ideal environment for EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis).
 Based on S language
 To install R:
1. R-GUI : http://cran.r-project.org/
2. R-Studio : https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/#download
 For more details: Go to https://www.r-project.org/about.html
WHY R??
Academia
 R is a very popular language in academia. Many researchers and scholars use R for experimenting
with data science
Data wrangling
 Data wrangling is the process of cleaning messy and complex data sets to enable convenient
consumption and further analysis.
Data visualization
 R has many tools that can help in data visualization, analysis, and representation.

Specificity
 All the R libraries focus on making one thing certain - to make data analysis easier, more
approachable and detailed.
Machine Learning
 R provides ample tools to developers to train and evaluate an algorithm and predict future
events.
Availability
 R programming language is open source
R VS PHYTON

Parameter R Programming Language Phyton Programming Language


History Creator: Ross Ihaka and Robert Creator: Guido Van Rossum
Gentleman
User Academician and researchers Programmer and developer
Purpose R focuses on better, user Phyton focus on productivity and
friendly data analysis, code readability
statistics, and graphical
models.
Flexibility All statistical analysis readily Easy to construct new models from
available in R Library scratch. I.e., matrix computation
and optimization
Learning Can be easily learn advanced Consider a good language for
programming starting programmers
R CONSOLE
The console window (in
RStudio, the bottom left
panel) is the place where
R is waiting for you to
tell it what to do, and
where it will show the
results of a command.

The symbol > is the R


prompt.

The symbol + indicates


incomplete command
R SCRIPT EDITOR
PRINTING, COPY, AND SAVING YOUR WORKS

 You can print directly from the R console by selecting “Print…” in


the File menu, but this will capture everything (including errors)
from your session.
 Alternatively, you can copy what you need and paste it into a word
processor or text editor (suggestion: use “Courier New” font so that
the formatting is identical to the R Console).
 In addition, you can save everything in the R Console by using the
“Save to File…”.
OPENING SAVED EDITOR & WORKSPACE HISTORY

Opening Save Editor


 Open R  File  open script

Opening saved workspace


 Open R  File  load workspace

Open Workspace Histroy


 Open R  history(max.show =
Inf)  Run
LOADING R PACKAGE
INVOKING R

 Creating and removing objects.


objects() #list the names of all objects
rm()   #remove the object from the current environment
rm(list=ls()) #to remove ALL objects from the current enviroment
 c (for concatenate) is a built-in function used to combine elements,
NEVER ASSIGN AN OBJECT TO c!
 q() #to quit R
HELPS IN R
help() to get help from R.
CONT…
help.start() to get help from R for a beginner.
OBJECT/DATA TYPE/VARIABLE IN R
Numeric
 Store floating point (real number)
Can be categorized as Quantitative Variable
Integer (Numeric Data)
 Fraction, decimal, complex number

Boolean
 TRUE or FASLE
Can be categorized as Qualitative Variable
(Non-Numeric Data)
String
 Non-numeric (character)

Missing values
 Na or NaN
TYPE OF DATA/OBJECT

to check for type of data in R, use the following function:


 typeof() # to check type of data/object
 is.numeric()# to check if the data is numeric
 is.na() # to check missing data/values
 is.character() # to check if the data is character/non-numeric
 is.character(“10”)# to check if the data is character/non-numeric
 str() # to check the structure of the data
 mode()# the check the mode/type of the data
OPERATORS IN R
There are four (4) operators in R language:

R - OPERATORS
Arithmetic Relations Logical Assignment
<- < ! +
-> > & -
= <= && *
>= | /
== || ^
!= %%
%/%
ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

There are 3 ways to assign an object in R: <- , = , ->

d <- 10

a = 15

10 -> s
ARITHMETIC’S OPERATORS

X = 5
Y = 16

Operation R-output Notes


X+Y 21 To do addition
X-Y To do substraction
X*Y To do
Y/X To do
Y%%X To do
Y%/%X To do
RELATIONAL OPERATORS

X = 5
Y = 16
Operators Notes Answer
X < Y X less than Y (TRUE / FALSE)
X > Y X greater than Y (TRUE / FALSE)
X <= 5 (TRUE / FALSE)
Y >= 20 (TRUE / FALSE)
Y == 16 (TRUE / FALSE)
X != 5 (TRUE / FALSE)
LOGICAL OPERATORS

k = c(TRUE,FALSE,0,6)
m = c(FALSE,TRUE,FALSE,TRUE)

Operator R-output Notes


!k FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE the compliment of k
k&m k AND m (the intersection of k and m)
k&&m
k|m
k||m
R AS A CALCULATOR

Operation R-output Notes


abs(3-6) 3 abs() – to find absolute value
sqrt(16) sqrt() – to find square root value
3^10
exp(1.7)
log(10)
log10(100)
pi 3.141593
round(pi,2)
floor(14.7)
ceiling(14.7)
END

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