 Greatest Integer Function (Bracket function):

Greatest integer function of x denoted  [x] = greatest integer £ x

ìï x; xÎ ¢
as [x] is the largest integer which does ïï
= ïí the nearest int eger
not exceed x. ïï xÏ ¢
ïï to the left of x;
And also called as integral part of x. î
  [x]  n , iff n  x  n  1
 Origin: 2 2  x  1
If a & b are positive integer, 
 1 1  x  0
 [x ]  
such that a  qb  r, 0  r  b
0 0  x 1
a r r 1 1 x  2
Then  q  , where 0   1 
b b b
a a
  q i.e.   is the
b  b 
quotient in the division of a by b.

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Properties:  [ x]  n  n    x  [n  1,  )
 Domain :  & Range : 
Þ [x] = n + 1, n + 2, n + 3, ...
 [[x]] = [x]  x [n  1, n  2)  [n  2, n  3)  ...
 [ x  m ]  [x ]  m provided m    x  [n  1, )
 [x + [y + [z]]] = [x] + [y] +[z]  [x]  n  x  [n,  )
Illustration:  [x] < n  x  ( , n)
Prove that the following results
(a) [sinx + [sinx + [sinx]]] = 3[sinx].  [ x ]  n  x  ( , n  1)

(b) [sinx+ [tanx + [cosx + [sinx]]]] =0,  x  1  [ x]  x equality iff x  .

when x Î (0, p/4).  [x]  x  [x]  1

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 [ x]   x if x  
 [  x]   Illustration: Solve for x, [x]2– [x]– 6 > 0.
 1  [ x ] if x  
Proof : [  x]  [  [x]  f ]

 x  [ x]  f = - [x] + [-f ]

 f  [0, 1)   f  ( 1, 0)
 [ x ] x  f  0

1  [ x ] x    f  ( 1, 0)

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 Fractional Part Function :
 every real number x  I  f ; where f  [0, 1)
       
int eger part of x fractional part
Þ fractional part function
is denoted as {x} and
 x  2 if  2  x  1
defined as {x}= x- [x]. 
 x  1 if  1  x  0
 x 
Properties :  x if 0  x  1
x  1 if 1  x  2

 D   & R  [0, 1)
f f
 {x} is periodic function with period 1
 [{x}]=0; {[x]}=0 & {{{x}}}={x}
 -x + x=0 if x  
 0 x Proof: {-x}=-x-[-x]= 

 {  x}   -x - (-1-[x]) if x  

1  {x} x
 0 if x  
 {-x} = 
1 - {x} if x  

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 Textual Exercise – 14 (A Grade)
Q.1(a) If y = 2[x] + 3 = 3[x – 2] + 5,
then find the value of [x + y].
Ans. (a) 15
(b) The f(x) = cos[p2]x + cos[-p2]x,
where [x] is integer part of x

then show that f    1.
2

Q.2 Solve for x, [x]2 – 7[x] –18 > 0.

Q.3 Let  n 2  1    n 2   
   
where n,   . Show that l
can have 2n different values.
Ans.  can have 2n different values

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 
 [ x]  [y] 0  {x}  {y}  1
 [ x  y]  
[ x ]  [y]  1 1  {x}  {y}  2

Proof :  [x + y] = [[x] + [y] + {x} + {y}]
 [x]  [y]  [{x}  {y}]
0  {x}  1 & 0  {y}  1  0  {x}  {y}  2

 [ x]  [y] 0  {x}  {y}  1
 [ x  y]  
[ x]  [y]  1 1  {x}  {y}  2

 For all real x, y [x]  [y]  [x  y]  [ x]  [y]  1
Illustration:
1  n  n  n  
Let f (n)  
      ...     .
n  1   2  n  
Prove that f(2n) > f(n).

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 Textual Exercise–15 (A Grade)

Q.1 If x = log49 + log928 show that

[x] = 3, where [x] denotes the
greatest integer less than or
equal to x.
Q.2 Find the sum of all +ve integral values of
a, a  [1, 500] for which the equation
[x]3 + x – a = 0 has solution, (where [.]
denotes the greatest integer function).

Ans. (a) [x]  3 (b) 812

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 n  Sn 
Q.3 (a) Let Sr   r !, Show t hat Sn
 7  
r 1  7 
is a constant & evaluate it for n > 6.

(b) Solve the equation [sin x] = 0.

Ans. 5

Q.4 Find the number of solutions of

1
equn . y   sin x  [sin x  [sin x]] 
3
& [y + [y]] = 2cos x;
where [ ] is GINT function

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Q.5 Find domain of following.
1
(a) f (x) 
[ x  2]
1
(b) f (x)  .
  [ x]
  
(c) f(x) = [sin x ]cos  .
 [ x  1 ] 
Ans. (a) x  R  [2, 3) (b) ( , 4)
(c) x   ~ [1, 2)

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Q.6 The domain of definition
of following functions:
1
(i )
[x]  x

(ii ) log[ x2 ] ( 4  | x |)

 4  x2 
(iii )  
 [ x]  2 

1  [ x]
(iv )
2  [ x]

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Q.7 Solve (2{x} – 1) (3{x} -2) £ 0.
 1 2
Ans. x  n  , n   n  I
 2 3

Q.8 If {x} & [x] represent fractional

& integral part of x, then find
2000
{x  r }
the value of [ x]   .
r  1 2000

Ans. x

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 Method of solving inequality involving :
Method of solving inequality involving x, {x} & [x]
e.g. 2x + [x] = 3 {x} (say)
Step (1) Replace x by [x] + {x} in equation (i) &
express [x] as function of {x}.
Given, 2x + [x] = 3 {x} ... (i)
Þ 3[x] + 2{x} = 3{x}
{x}
Þ 3[x] = {x}  [x ]  ...(ii )
3
{x} 1
Step (2): Apply range of {x} i .e. 0  
3 3
1
 0  [x]  ...(iii )
3
Step (3): Find all possible values of [x] using
(iii) & corresponding values of {x}
using eq. (ii). Þ [x] = 0 & {x} = 0 Þ x=0

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Illustration : Find the solution set of the
following equations (where [x],(x),{x} is
the greatest integer £ x, fractional part
of x respectively) is
(a) 4 {x} = x + [x]

(b) | [ x ] - 2x | = 4

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Illustration : Solve the equation
x2 – 4x + [x] + 3 = 0.

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Theorem: If x is real number, c is natural number, then  [ x]    x  .
   
 c  c
Proof : Let [x] = n  x  n  r, 0  r  1 .... (i )
 [x ]   n 
Also let      m
 c  c
[ x]
  m  s, where 0  s  1
c
 n  mc  cs; where 0  cs  c ... (ii ) & cs is an int eger
 x   n  r    mc  cs  r   m  cs  r 
RHS          
 c   c 
c  c 
cs  (c  1 ) & r  1 (Putting the value of n form (ii))

Adding cs + r < c – 1 + 1
cs  r  cs  r 
  1  RHS  m   m
c  c 
 cs  r  c  LHS  RHS.

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  x   x  1
Theorem: For every positive real number       [ x].
2
   2 
Proof: Case I: Let x = 2m + y, where m is an integer & 0  y  1.
x  x  1   2m  1  y 
 [ x]  2m,    m       m
2   2   2 
1 1y  x  x  1
  1      [ x]
2 2 2
   2 
Case II: Let x = (2m + 1) + y,
where m is an integer & 0  y  1.
 [x]  2m  1
x  x  1   (2m  2)  y 
Then    m,    m  1
2
   2   2 
 x   x  1
    [x]
2
   2 

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 The number of positive integers less than or
n
equal to n & divisible by m is given by  .
m 

 If p is a prime number & e is the largest

exponent of p such that
 n 
e
p | n !, then e    
k
 p 
k 1 
Illustration:
(a) Find the highest power of
5 that divides 518!.
(b) How many zeroes are
there at the end of 60!.
Ans. (a) 127 (b) 14

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 Textual Exercise – 15 (A Grade)
Q.1(a) Find the highest power of
3 contained in 1000!.
(b) Find the highest power of
7 contained in 1000!.

(c) Find the highest power of

3 contained in 100!.

Ans.(a) 498 (b) 164 (c) 48

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Q.2 If [x] denotes the integral part of
x for real x, then find the value of
 1    1  1    1  1   ...   1  199 
 4   4 200   4 100   4 200 

Ans. 50

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Q.4 If n & k are positive integers  n   n  1   2n 
     .
& k is greater than 1, then   k k   k 

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Q.5 If n be any positive integer, then show that
 n  1   n  2   n  4   n  8
      ...  n
 2   4   8   16 

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Q.6 Solve the equations :
(i) {x} + {sin x} = 2

(ii) {x} + {sin x} = 0

Ans. (i) no solution (ii) x = 0

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 Composite Of Uniformly & Non-Uniformly Defined Functions:

Given two function f : X ® Y & g : Y ® Z then there exist a function

h = gof : X ® Z such that h(x) = (gof )(x) = g(f(x)) " x Î X.
It is called as composite function of f & g and diagrammatically shown as
x

x X
 f 
yY
y  f (x)
 g
z  g(f (x))
    
 
zZ

 Thus the image of every x Î X under the function gof is the

g-image of the f-image of x .

 gof is defined only if " x Î X, f(x) is an element

of the domain of g so that we can take its g-image.

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 Properties of Composition of Function:
 Domain: The composition gof to be defined, the range of f must be a
subset of the domain of g.
 Domain of g(f(x)) = {x : x Î Df & f(x) Î Dg}
 Range: Range of gof(x) is obtained by analyzing the monotonic nature of f & g.
 fog(x) is not necessarily equal to gof (x). i.e. not commutative
 equality holds when f & g are inverse of each other or atleast
one

 The of these is identity

composition function.is associative in nature.
of functions

 i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that fo (goh) & (fog) oh are

defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh.

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 The composite of two bijections Surjectivity: Let c Î C, then
is a bijection.
c Î C Þ $ b Î B s.t. g (b) = c
Proof: Let f : A®B & g : B®C be two [Q g is onto]
bijections. s.t. gof : A ® C exists & b Î B Þ $ a Î A s.t. f(a) = b
Injectivity : Let a1, a2 Î A [Q f is onto]
Therefore, we can conclude that
such that (gof )(a1) = (gof )(a2)
  c  C  an a  A : (gof)(a)
Þ g[f (a1)] = g[f(a2)]
= g(f(a)) = g(b) =c
Þ f(a1) = f (a2) [Q g is one-one]
Þ Every element of C is the gof
Þ a1 = a2 [Q f is one-one]
image of some element of A.
\ gof is also one-one function.
Þ As such gof is onto function.
Þ gof being one-one and onto,
is a Bijection.

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 If f(x) is periodic function with period T,
then g(f(x)) is also periodic with period T .
 If f(x) & g(x) are both continuous function,
then g(f(x)) is also continuous.
 Monotonicity of composite function:
 If f & g have same monotonicity then f ( g (x)) is 
& If f & g have opposite monotonicity then f ( g(x )) is 

Proof : x > y let f is  g is 

Proof : x > y let f is  g is 
g(x) > g(y)
g(x) < g(y)
f(g(x)) > f(g(y))
f(g(x)) < f(g(y))
fog(x) > fog(y)
 fog is decreasing function.
 fog is increasing function.

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 Textual Exercise – 13 (A Grade)
Q.1(a) If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 7
find gof & fog

(b) If f(x) = x2 + 2x + 1 and

g[f(x)] = |x + 1| find g(x)

Ans.(a) (x2 – 7); (x – 7)2

(b) g(|x + 1|2) = |x + 1|

g(x)  y  g(x)  x

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Q.2 f(x)= Sgn(x) & g(x)= 1+x–[x] = 1+{x}
then f(g(x)) & g(f(x)).

Ans. f[g(x)] = 1; g[f(x)] =

1.

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Q.3 Find the domain of function f(|3x – 2|)
given that domain of f(x) is [-1, 3]
 1 5
A n s. x    , .
 3 3

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Q.4 The function f(x) is defined in [0,1].
Find the domain of f(tan x).

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 
Q.5. Find the domain of the function g(x)  f | [x] | .
If domain of functions y = f(x) is
(a) [–3,2], (b) [0, 1) (c) (0, 1)

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  2 log10 x  2 
Q.6 If f (x)  log100 x   & g(x)  {x}
  x
 
If the function (fog)(x) exists, then find the
domain of fog(x).
 1   1 
Ans. 
k
 k, k 

  k 
100  
1
100
, k 
10 

1
Hint: (i) 100 x > 0 & 100 x  1  x 
100
1 1
(ii) x > 0 and log10x + 1 < 0  0  x  & x
10 100
 1   1 1 
 0,   , 
 100   100 10 
(fog)(x) exists  range of g(x)  domain of f(x)

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 1  x if 0  x  2
Q.7 Find fof(x) if f (x)  
3  x if 2  x  3

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 Composite Of Non-Uniformly Defined Functions :
Method: To find composition of two function when
they are defined in intervals (piece wise
defined functions).
e.g. Given two functions.
 2x  1 0  x  2  x  1 1  x  1
f (x)   2 ; & g( x )  
 x  1 2  x  4  2x 1 x 3

To find f(g(x)) and to sketch their graph:

Step: 1 Replace g(x) in the place of x in the definition

 2g(x)  1 0  g(x)  2
f (g(x))  
of f(x). 2
(g(x))  1 2  g(x)  4

Step : 2 Apply the definition of g(x) in the  2(x  1)  1 1  x  1 & 0  x  1  2

 2(2x)  1 1 x 3 & 0  2x  2
above definition of g(x). f ( g(x))   2
 (x  1)  1 1  x  1 & 2  x  1  4
 (2x)2  1 1 x 3 & 2  2x  4


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 Step: 3 Take the intersection of domain
and find the final definition.
2(x  1)  1 1  x  1 & 0  x  1  2  1  x  1

 2(2x)  1
f ( g(x))  
1  x  3 & 0  2x  2 x 
2
 (x  1)  1 1  x  1 & 2  x  1  4 x 
 (2x)2  1 1  x  3 & 2  2x  4 1 x 2

 2x  1 1  x  1
 fog(x)   2
4x  1 1  x  2

Domain = -1 £ x £ 2.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 35

 Textual Exercise – 14 (A Grade)
Q.1 Find fof(x)
 x if x  0

(a) f (x)   x if 0  x  1
2  x if x  1

 1  x if 0  x  1

(b) f (x)   x  2 if 1  x  2
 4  x if 2  x  4

 x if 0  x  1

2  x if 1x 2

Ans (b) : f (x)  6  x if 2  x  3
x  3 if 3  x  4

 2 if x 2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 36

Q2. find (fog)(x) & (gof)(x) for the following.

1  x if x  0
(a ) f (x )   2
x if x  0

  x if x  1
& g( x)  
1  x if x  1

(b) f (x)  1  | x  2 |, 0  x 4
& g( x)  2  | x |, 1  x  3

1  x 0  x  1
  1 x 0
3  x 1  x  2 
Ans. (b) gof (x)   & (fog) (x)  (1  x) 1  x  0
x  1 2  x  3  x1
5  x 3  x  4  0 x 2


12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 37

 1  x 3 x  0

Q.3 If f (x)   &
2
 x 1 x  0

 (x  1)1/3 x 0

g(x)  
1/ 2

 (x  1) x 0

find g(f ( x)).

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 38

  Definition of Inverse Functions:
A function f : X ® Y is said to be invertible
Iff there exist another function g: Y ® X
Case II: Let f be onto but not one-one.
s.t. f(x) = y Û g(y) = x, " x Î X & y Î Y.
There are two outputs for y1
 Then g: Y ® X is called inverse of f: X ® Y
& denoted as f-1. Þ g : Y ® X is not a function.
 g = f -1 = (f(x), x): (x, f(x))  f  . Þ f to be invertible f should be
injective.
 Condition of Invertibility :
Case I: Let f be one-one but not onto.
There is no output for y5
as g(y5) is not defined.
Þ g : Y ® X is not function.
Þ f to be invertible f
should
be surjective.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 39

  Conclusion :
 Since to each (x, y) Î f  (y, x) Î f-1
A function to be invertible it should be
one-one & onto. i.e. Bijective function. & (y, x) & (x, y) are mirror images
of each other in the line y = x.
 therefore the graph of f-1(x) is
obtained by reflecting the graph
of f(x) in the line y = x.

 Properties :
 If f is invertible, then
f-1(f(x)) = f(f-1(x)) = x.

 f = (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 ), (x4 , y4 ) 

 f -1 = (y1 , x1 ), (y2 , x2 ), (y3 , x3 ), (y4 , x4 ) 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 40

Illustration: Find the inverse of y = x2 (x > 0)

& draw its graph.

Solution: As shown in the figure given

below a point (x, y) corresponding to
y = x2(x > 0) changes to (y, x) corr-
esponding to y = +x.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 41

Illustration: find ‘a’, If f : R ® R defined
as; f(x) = x3 + (a + 2) x2 + 3ax + 5
is an invertible mapping.
Hint: as leading coefficient of f'(x) > 0
 f ' (x) > 0 x    D  0.

Ans. a  [1, 4]

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 42

 Method to find inverse of a given function:
Given a function f : X ® Y s. t. y = f(x) . Step: 2 Surjectivity( onto) :
x+ 1 Find the Range of function ( Rf )
e.g. f : ¡ ~ {2} ® ¡ ; where f (x) =
x- 2
and compare it with co-domain.
Step: 1 Check the injectivity: If R = Co-domain f is on-to.
f
f(x1) = f(x2) Þ x1 = x2 If not on-to replace co-domain
or Find whether f is continuous & by Range (Rf).
monotonic or not. x 1
e. g. f (x) 
 If non-injective then define principle x2
1  2y
domain (P. D.) & make f(x) injective.  x 
y1
 Range is   1 
x 1 x 1
e.g., 1  2  xy  2y  x  1  x(y  1)  2y  1
x1  2 x2  2
So f is an into function .
 x1 x2  2x1  x2  2
 if f is defined as f : R ~ { 2}  R ~ {1}
 x1 x2  2x2  x1  2

 3x1  3x 2  x1  x2 Then f is Bijective function.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 43

Step: 3 Using equation y = f(x) express Illustration: Test the Invertibility
1  2y
x in terms of y. x  & hence find the inverse function
y1  
Step: 4 Replace x by y and y by x in the of the following. (a) y  sin  x  
 4
1
obtained relation to get y  f (x). (b) y  x 2  4x  5
1  2x
y is inverse function f 1 (x) (c) y  1  x2
x 1

For Check
2x  1  3 1
1 Ans: (a) for surjecti ve f :   ,   [ 1, 1]
1
f (f ( x ))  x  1  4 4
2x  1 1 1
2 f 1 (x)  y  sin 1 x 
x1  4
2x  1  1  x 3x
  x
2x  1  2  2x 3

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 44

 Involution :
Illustration: If the function f(x) = ax + b
 Function Inverse of itself.
is inverse of itself, then find
A function is identical with its inverse,
the ordered pair (a, b)
i.e., f(x)  f-1(x) if fof(x)  x. Ans. (-1, b), (1, 0)

For such cases, the graph of f-1 matches

with the graph of f the graph of f must
be symmetrical w.r.t. the line y = x.
1 3
e. g. f (x)  ; f (x)  1  x3
x
f : [0, 1]  [0, 1] ; f (x)  1  x 2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 45

 Textual Exercise: 15 (A Grade)
3  7 
f
Q.1 A function:  ,  
  ,  
2  4 
defined as f(x) = x2 – 3x + 4.
Solve the equation f(x) = f–1(x)
Ans: x = 2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 46

 ex  e x
Q.2 (a) f : [0, )  [ 1, ) ; f (x) 
2
1
find f (x).
ex / 2 - e- x / 2
(b) Show that if f (x) = ,
2
æ ö
then f - 1 (x) = 2 ln ççx + 1 + x 2 ÷ ÷ " xÎ ¡ .
è ø

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 47

  x; if x 1
 2
Q.3  x ; if 1  x  4 find f 1 (x).

8 x ; if x 4


 y if y  1

Ans. f 1 (y)  x   y if 1  y  16 ;
 2
y if y  16
 64

 x if x  1


f 1 (x)   x if 1  x  16
 2
x if x  16
 64

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 48

Q 4 Test the Invertibility and hence
find the inverse of the function
1
y x
x

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 49

  Properties Of Inverse Function:
 The inverse of a bijection is unique.  The inverse of a bijection is also
Proof: Let f : A ® B be a bijection.
a
bijection.
Proof:
If possible let g : B ® A &
h : B ® A be two inverse Let f: A ® B be a bijection and
g: B ® A be its inverse. We have
function of f.
to show that g is one-one & onto.
Also let a1, a2 Î A & b Î B
s. t. g(b) = a1 & h(b)= a2 then Injectivity:
Let g(b1) = a1 and
g(b) = a1 Þ f(a1) = b
g(b2) = a2 : a1, a2 Î A and
h(b) = a2 Þ f(a2) = b. b1, b2 Î B. Then g(b1) = g(b2)
But since f is one-one, Þ a1 = a 2
∵ f (a1) = f (a2) Þ a1 = a2 Þ f(a1) = f(a2) [Q f is a bijection]
Þ g(b) = h(b), " b Î B.
Þ b1 = b2 [Q g(b1)=a1 Þ b1=f(a1)
& g(b2)=a2 Þ b2= f(a2)]
which proves that g is one-one

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 50

 Surjectivity:  If f & g are two bijections f : A ® B, g: B ® C,
a Î A Þ $ b Î B such that then the inverse of gof exists & (gof)-1 = f-1og-1.

f (a) = b (by definition of f) Proof: Since f : A®B & g : B®C are bijections,
Þ $bÎB s.t. a = g(b) \ gof : A ® C is also a bijection.
[Q f(a)=b Þ a=g(b)] Þ (gof )–1 : C ® A.
Now let a Î A, b Î B, c Î C such that
which proves that g is onto.
Þ f(a) = b & g(b) = c
Hence g is also a bijection.
 (gof) (a) = g[f(a)] = g(b) = c
Þ If f : A ® B is bijective function
Þ a = (gof )–1(c) ...(iii)
then f-1: B ® A is also a bijective
function. f(a) = b Þ a = f–1(b) ....(i)

g(b) = c Þ b = g–1(c) ....(ii)

(f–1og–1)(c) = f–1 (g–1(c))

= f–1(b) [by (ii)] = a [by (i)]

= (gof)–1(c ) [by (iii)] \ (gof )–1 = f–1og–1.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 51

Illustration:

If f : R ® R f(x) = ex and g: R ® R
g(x) = 3x – 2 find fog & gof.
Also find domain of (fog)–1 & (gof)–1.

Hint & Solution:

(fog) (x) = e3x – 2
; (gof)(x) = 3ex – 2
domain of (fog)–1 = R+ ;
domain of (gof)–1 = (–2, ¥).

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 52

  f(x) and f-1(x) if intersect then the  If f(x) is symmetric about y = x.
point of intersection should be on Þ f(x) = f-1(x) is an identity and
the line y = x or y = -x + k. therefore has infinitely many

Proof: If f(x) is anti-symmetric function solution.

Þ f(x) = f-1(x) Þ (x, y) º (y, x)

Þ y =x Þ f(x) = x
Þ If f(x) & f-1(x) intersect then the
point of intersection must lie on
the line y = x.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 53

 If f(x) is odd symmetric about
Illustration: If f(x) = -x3, solve the
line y = x
equation f(x) = f-1(x).
Þ f(x) and f-1(x) intersect on the
straight line passing through
(a, b) & (b, a).
  
 y  
  
 x 
 

 y   x  
 y  x  k

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 54

 f(x) & f-1(x) have same monotonic

nature.
Proof: Let g(x)  f 1 (x)
 f ( g(x))  x
1
 g '(x) 
f '( g(x))
 f '( g(x)).g '(x)  1

 If f(x) is increasing then f-1(x)

also increasing.

ve if f (x) 
 g '(x)  
 ve if f (x) 

 If f(x) is decreasing then f-1(x)
also decreasing.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 55

 If f(x) is increasing and concave  If f(x) is decreasing and concave
upward then f-1(x) is increasing downward then f-1(x) is decreasing
& concave downward. & concave downward.
Proof: From the derivative of g(x)=f-1(x)
1
 g "(x)   . f "( g(x)) . g '(x)
    
 
2
f '( g(x))  ve  ve
     
 ve
 g "(x)  0
 f 1 ( x) is
concave downward.

 If f(x) is decreasing then f(x) &

 If f(x) is increasing, f-1(x) have same curvature.

then f(x) & f-1(x) have

opposite curvature.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 56

 Textual Exercise: 16 (A Grade)
Q.1 Find the value of a so that
ax  1
f (x) 
x3
is identical to f-1(x).
Q.2 Find the solution of the equn.
1  3
x2  x  1   x  
2  4

Q.3 If f(x) = -x + sinx, solve the

equation f(x) = f-1(x).
Ans. {n, n  I}

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 57

 EVEN FUNCTION :  Properties :
A function f : X ® Y is said  Graph of even function is symmetric
about y-axis
to be an even function iff
Proof: y = f(x) Þ y = f(-x)
f (  x)  f (x)  x  X (Df )
Þ (x, y) Î f Þ (-x, y) Î f
i.e. f (x )  f (  x)  0
 For any function f(x) if g(x) = f(x)+f(-
e.g. f(x)=x 2n , sin 2 x, cos x, sec x, x),
then g(x) is always even.
2 x  2  x are even functions.  The domain of even function must be
symmetric about zero.
i.e. Df : [ a, a] or ( a, a);
where a is some real number .
e.g. f : [- 2, 4] ® ¡
Defined as f (x)  x 2 is not
an even function.
As domain is not symmetric about zero.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 58

 If f and g are two even function
i.e. f(-x)= f(x) & g(-x) = g(x) Illustration: Prove that the function
 ax  1 
f (x)  sin x  x is even
 f(x)  g(x)  even  a  1 
 
 f(x).g(x)  even
f (x)
  even
g(x)
 f ( g(x))  even

Proof : To Prove that f(g(x)) is even

Let h(x)  f ( g(x)
 h(  x)  f ( g(  x))  f ( g(x))
 h(  x)  h(x)  h(x) is even.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 59

 ODD FUNCTION : Proof : y = f(x) Þ - y = f(-x)
A function f : X ® Y is said Þ (x, y) Î f Þ (-x, -y) Î f

to be an odd function iff

f (  x)  f (x )  x  X (Df )

i.e. f (x )  f (  x)  0

e.g. f(x) = x 2n+1 , sin x, cot x, (tan x )2n  1 ,

2 x  2 x are odd functions.

 Properties :
 Graph of odd function is symmetric
about origin.
Also known as symmetric in opposite
Straight lines passing through
quadrant
origin cuts the graph both side
symmetrically

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 60

 For any function f(x); g(x) = f(-x) – f(x),  If f and g are two odd function
then g(x) is always odd. f(x) + f(-x) even f(-x) = -f(x) & g(-x) = -g(x)
 The domain of odd function must be  f(x)  g(x)  odd  f(x).g(x)  even
symmetric about zero.
 f (x)  even  f (g(x))  odd
i.e. Df : [ a, a] or ( a, a); where g(x)
a is some real number.
 f (x)  0  odd & even both
e.g. f : [- p , 2p ] ® ¡
 f(x) = c, c  0 even function.
Defined as f (x )  sin x is not an odd function.
 Any function f(x) can always be
written as sum of an even function
& an odd function.
f (x) + f (- x) f (x) - f (- x)
f (x) = +
2 24444443
14444442 4444443 14444442
even odd

Provided its domain is symmetric

as Domain is not symmetric about zero. about zero.

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 Composition of several function  Even functions are non invertible as

f(g(h(P(x)))) is odd iff all are odd. they can not be strictly monotonic

Proof : Let F (x)  f ( g(h(P(x ))))  A function may neither be odd nor
 F (  x)  f ( g(h(P (  x))) even.
 F (  x)  f ( g(h( P(x))))  f(x) is even then f’(x) is odd.
 f ( g  (h(P(x)))) Proof : Let g(x) = f’(x)
 f  ( g(h(P(x))) \ f(-x) = f(x) differentiate w.r.t. x
 f ( g(h(P(x)))  f (x) Þ f ’(-x) (-1) = f’(x)
 Composition of several function is Þ g(-x) = -g(x) Þ g(x) is odd
even iff atleast one function is even.  f(x) is odd then f’(x) is even

Þ f(-x) =- f(x) differentiate w.r.t. x

Provided the function composed
Þ f ’(x) = f ’(-x) Þ g(x) = g(-x)
before that function are not of the
Þ g(x) is even

category neither even nor odd.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 62
 Textual Exercise – 16 (A Grade)
Q.1 Find whether the following
function are even/odd/neither.


(a) ln x  1  x 2 
1  2Kx
(b )
1  2Kx
(c) 2x3 – x + 1
1  x 
(d) ln  
1  x 
(e ) 3
(1  x)2  3
(1  x ) 2

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Q.2 Find whether the following
function are even/odd/neither.
(a) sin x + cos x
(b) x sin2x – x3
(c) f(x) = c

(d ) 1  x  x2  1  x  x2

(1  2 x )2
(e )
2x

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Q.3 If f (x) = (a – 2)x + 3a – 4
is even/odd. Find 'a'.
Ans. Even (a=2), Odd (a=4/3)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 65

 t t
Q.4 If f (t)    1,
et  1 2

Prove that f(t) is an even

function.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 66

Q.5 If f :   ; where f(x + y) + f(x - y)
= 2 f(x). f(y) x, y  
Then prove that the function f(x) is
identically zero function if f(0) = 0
& even if f(0) = 1.

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Q.6 Prove that the function
(tan x). ln(x  x 2  1 )
f (x) 
 x  5 
2  9
  
is an odd function.

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Q.7 Find the set of values of 'a‘ for
which the function f : [ 10, 10]  
 x2 
defined by f (x)  1    x  x 2  x 4
 a 
is an even function.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 69

 Even & odd Extension of Function:
If f(x) is a function f : [a, b]® R
 x 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
s. t. a & b are of same sign then e.g. Even extension of f(x) = 
 x 1 < x ≤ 2
the domain of function can be   x 2  x  1
extended & the function f(x) can 
  x 1  x  0
is given as : f (x)  
be defined s. that it becomes an  x 0  x 1
 x 1 x 2
even or odd function. 
 Even Extension :
Extending the domain of function
f(x) & defining s. t. the function
obtained is even.

 f (x)  x
h(x)  
f (  x)   x  


12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 70

 Odd Extension :
Extending the domain of function
& redefining it s. t. new function
obtained becomes odd.

 f (x)  x 
h(x)  
f (  x)   x  



x
2
0  x 2
e.g. Odd extension of f (x )  
4
 2 x 4

 4 4  x  2
 2
 x 2  x  0
is given as : f (x)   2
x 0  x 2
 4 2  x 4


12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 71

 Textual Exercise – 17 (A Grade)
 1 x  1
Q.1 Given f (x)  
 x 1  x  0
Find the odd & even extension
of the function f(x)
1 x  1

 x 1  x  0
Ans. : Even extension f (x)  
x 0  x 1
1 1  x  

1 x  1

 x 1  x  0
Odd extension f (x)  
 x 0  x  1
1 x 1


12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 72

 
2  x if  3  x  1
Q.2 f ( x)  
Given  1
 if  1  x  0
Extend the function f(x) suitably in
the interval [0, 3] so that f(x)
becomes an,
(i) Even function
(ii) Odd function.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 73

 Periodic Function: e.g. sin x is a periodic function
A function f: X  Y is called periodic  sin(2   x)  sin x
if it repeats its values after a fixed & sin(4  x)  sin x
interval  x  Df.  sin(2n  x)  sin x
Þ  a real finite, positive constant T:
f (x  T )  f ( x)  x  Df
The length of fixed interval (T) is
called period of function. Illustration: Check the Periodicity of
the following function & hence find
The minimum value of constant T is called their period if they are periodic.
fundamental period of function. (a) cos(3x  4 ) (b) tan x
 fundamental period Tmin  2 
2
Ans. (a) (b) not periodic
3

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 74

Illustration: Check the Periodicity of
the following function & hence find
their period

if they are periodic.
3x 
tan  
4 
(a) e  (b) cos(x 2 )
4
Ans. (a) (b) not periodic
3

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 75

 Properties of Periodic Function : Illustration : (a) f (x)  sin x
 If a function f(x) defined such that (b) f (x)  cos x
f(x + T) = -f(x); where T is a (c ) f (x )  sec x
positive constant then f is periodic (d) f (x)  cos ecx
with period 2T. (converse not true)
Proof : Given f (x  T )   f (x)
replacing x by x  T
 f (x  2T )   f (x  T )


 f (x  2T )   f (x) 
 f (x  2T )  f (x)  x  Df

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 76

 If a function f(x) defined such that Illustration:
1 1 (a) f(x) = tanx
f (x  T )  or f (x  T ) 
f (x) f (x) (b) f(x) = cotx
where T is a positive constant,
then f is periodic with period 2T.
(converse not true)

1
Proof : Given f (x  T )  
f (x)
replacing x by x  T
1
 f (x  2T )  
f (x  T )
1
   f (x)
1
 (f (x))

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 77

 If f(x) is periodic with period T, T
 f(kx) is periodic with period = .
then following results hold good. |k|
 f(x) + k is periodic with period T  g(x)  f (kx)
(k is finite constant)  T    T 
 g x    f k  x  
 kf(x) is periodic with periodic with  |k |    |k |  
   
period T  f (kx  T )  f (kx)  g(x)
(k is finite non-zero constant)
Converse of all these
 f(x + k) is periodic with period T. properties hold good.
Let g(x) = f(x + k)
 g(x + T) = f(x + T+ k )
 g(x +T) = f(y + T) = f(y);
where y = x + k
 g(x + T) = g(x)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 78

 If f(x) & g(x) are two function s. t.
g(x) is periodic with period T.
 f(g(x)) is periodic with period (T)
Provided there does not exist
  (0, T ) : f(g(x +  )) = f(g(x))

Illustration: Find the period of

following functions.
  a sin x  b
(a) 3 sin  2x    4 (b) e
 4
   
(c) 3 log  tan  x    (d ) e2 { x} 3
 4  
 
Ans. (a)  (b) 2  (c) 1 (d) 1 / 3

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 79

 If f(x) & g(x) are two periodic functions  Constant function are periodic
with period T1 & T2 respectively. function with no fundamental
f (x )
f (x)  g(x), f (x)g(x) and are period. e.g sin2x + cos2x.
g(x )
periodic with period LCM of T1 & T2 .  Inverse of a periodic function
Proof : F(x) = f(x) + g(x) does not exist .
 F(x + T) = f(x + T) + g(x +T) = f(x) + g(x)  If f(x) has a period p, then
if T = nT1 = m T2 1
& f (x) also have period p.
 T is common multiple of T1 & T2 f (x)

 Tmin = L.C.M of T1 & T2

But only if there does not exist

0 < l < LCM (T1 & T2) : F(x+l) = F(x).

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 80

 Illustration: Find the period
of the following functions
x x
(a) sin 2  cos2
2 2
(b) | sin x |  | cos x |

( c) | sin x |  | cos x |

1 x x
(d )  sin  cos 
2 2 2

Ans. (a) 2  (b) (c)  (d) 4 
2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 81

 Textual Exercise – 18 (A Grade)
Q.1 Find the period of following
functions if they are periodic.
(a) f(x) = sinx + cosx
 x    
(b ) f (x)  sin     3 cos  x   .
 3 6  4
2x 4x
(c) f (x)  cos  sin
3 5
3x 7x
(d) f (x)  2 tan  3 sin  5
5 10
Ans. (2p) (b) Non periodic (c) (15p) (d) (20)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 82

Q.2 Find the period of following
functions if they are periodic.
(a) f(x) = cos(sin x)

(b) f(x) = sin(cos x)

Ans.(a) (p) (b) (2p)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 83

Q.3 Find the period of following
functions if they are periodic.
(a) f(x) = sin4x + cos4x

(b) f(x) = x – [x].

(c) f(x) = x – [x + p]
Ans. (a) (p/2) (b) (One) (c) (One)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 84

Q.4 (a) If f(x) = (a + 3)x + 5a,
x Î R is periodic, then
find the value of a.

(b) If f(x) = sinx + cos ax is a

periodic function, then
prove that ‘a’ must be
rational.
Ans. a = – 3

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 85

Q.5 f (x)  sin nx has its period = 4
x
sin
n
then find the integral values of n.
Ans. 2

Q.6 Prove that f (x)  x sin x &

sin x  {x} are not periodic.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 86

Q.7 Let f be a real valued function
defined for all real x s. t. for
some positive constant 'a‘ the
equation 1
f (x  a)   f (x)  f 2 (x)
2
holds for all x. Prove that f
is periodic.
2
1 1  1
Sol. f (x  2a)     f (x  a)  
2 4  2
2
1 1 1 1
   f (x)  f 2 (x)   f (x) 
2 4 2 2
1 1 1
  f (x)   f (x)   x    f (x)
2 2 2
f is periodic with period 2a.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 87

Q.8 If f(x + l) = g(f(x)) such that
   
g g g .... g(x) ....
        
   x
composed n times

then prove that f(x) is periodic

with period nl (where l is fixed
positive real constant)

Sol : f (x  2 )  g(f (x   ))  g( g(f (x   )))  g2 (f (x))

prosseding similarly
f (x  3 )  g2 (f (x   ))  g2 (f (x  ))

 
 g2 g(f (x)  g3 f (x)  
 
f (x   )  gn 1 f (x   )  gn 1 g f (x)   
 
 gn f (x)  f (x). So n is period.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 88

Q.9 Prove that the function
1 if x is rational
f (x)  
 0 if x is irrational
is a periodic function with
indeterminate period.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 89

 Maximum Function:
Max {f(x), g(x), h(x), …} is defined as the
function which takes the largest value
among the values of all the functions of
the above set.

 f (x) f (x)  g ( x)
 
Max f (x), g(x)  
 g(x) f (x)  g(x)

f (x)  g(x) | f (x)  g(x) |

2
 Minimum Function:
Min {f(x), g(x), h(x), …} is defined as the
function which takes the smallest value
among the values of all the functions of
the above set.
 f (x) f (x)  g ( x) f (x)  g(x)  | f (x)  g(x) |

Min f (x), g(x)   
 g(x) f (x)  g(x) 2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 90

Illustration: Sketch the graph of the
following function.

(a) y  max | x |, x 2 

(b) y  max x, x 3 

( c) y  min tan x, cot x 
( d) y  max sin x, cos x


(e) y  min | x  1 |, 1  x 2 , x 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 91

  Method of sketching graph of a curve:
2x
To sketch graph of curve e. g. f (x) 
1  x2
 Periodic symmetry : f(x+T) = f(x)
Step1: Find the domain of function &
if possible also find its range. i.e. periodic with period T.
Step2: Find the roots of function &  f(x, y) = f(y, x)
Df   & Rf  [ 1, 1] i.e. graph symmetric about y = x.
f(0).
f(0) = 0 i.e. graph passes through  f (a  x)  f (a  x) i.e. f (2a  x )  f (x)
origin.
i.e. Symmetric about line x = a.
Step3: Test the symmetry of function
 f (a  x)  f (a  x) i.e. f (2a  x)  f (x)
 Even symmetry: f(-x) =
f(x) i.e. Symmetric about point (a, 0).
i.e. graph symmetric about y–axis Þ Given function f(x) is symmetric
 Odd symmetry: f(-x) = - f(x) about origin.
i.e. graph symmetric about origin.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 92

Step4: Test the monotonicity of function
& determine the local maxima &
minima. e.g. For continuous functions:
dy 2(1  x 2 )  2x(2x) 2(1  x)(1  x)
 
dx (1  x 2 )2 (1  x 2 )2

Step 5: Also find second derivative

d2 y
2
if required.
2
dx
f (x)  in [ 1, 1] &  otherwise. d y
  0  concave upward.
2
dx
dy
 change negative to positive d2 y
dx   0  concave downward.
2
 local minima dx
dy 4x(x  3)(x  3)
 change positive to negative f (x) 
dx (1  x 2 )
 local maxima
 curvature is changing at 0, 3,  3.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 93

 d2 y  
 is zero 
The point at which the
dx 2  2x  2 
lim    lim   0
& sign of second derivative changes x  1  x 2
 
x 
 1 
 x   (i.e. 0  h)
 x
across the point is called point of  2x 
Similarly lim  0 i.e. (0  h).
x   1  x 2
inflection & this is the point where  

the graph of function transits

across its tangent.
Step 6:
If domain of function is open interval
& function is not defined at certain
intermediate points.
Then find the limit of function at
those points as well as at the end
point of domain.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 94

 Textual Exercise – 24 (A Grade)
Q.1 Sketch the graph of the
following function.
(a) y  x 3  3x.
(b) y  x 4  4x2  1
(c) y  e x  e x , e x  e x
(d) y  3x 4  x 3

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 95

Q.2 Sketch the graph of the
following function.
x2  4
(a ) y  .
2
x4
1
(b) y  x 
x
1
(c) y  x 
x
x 2  3x  4
(d ) y  .
x 2  3x  4

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 96

Q.3 Sketch the graph of the
following function.
3
(a) y  x2
2
(b) y  x3
5
(c) y  x3
(d) y  2  x  1

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 97

Q.4 Sketch the graph of the
following function.
(a) y  x loge x.

log x
(b ) y  .
x
(c) y = xx

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 98

Q.5 Sketch the graph of the
following function.
(a) y  x  sin x.
1
(b) y  x 2  .
x
1
(c) y  2x.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 99

Q.6 Sketch the graph of the
following function.
(a) y  x  e x

(b) y  x  e x
ex
(c) y 
x

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 100

 Method of sketching the product of
a monotonic & a periodic function:
Illustration:
( a) y  x sin x
(b) y  e x sin x
sin x
( c) y 
x
(d ) y  x 2 sin x

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 101

 Transformation of Graphs:
Given a function y = f(x) ;
 x if  1  x  1

f (x)   2x if 1  x  2
(x  2)(x  4) if 2  x  4

Then sketch the graph of following relations.
(a) f(-x) (b) -f(x)
(c) f(|x|) (d) |f(x)|

(e) f(x) + |f(x)| (f) f(x)/|f(x)|

(g) |y| = f(x) (h) f(x + k)
(i) f(x) + k (j) k f(x)

(k) f([x]) (l) [f(x)]

(m) [y] = f(x)

12/07/2022
MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 102
(a) In order to draw the graph of
f(-x), draw the graph of f(x)
and reflect the graph of f(x) in
y-axis.
(b) In order to draw –f(x), reflect
the graph of f(x) in x-axis.

(c) To sketch the graph of f(|x|) Illustration: (a) y = log(-x)

draw the graph of f(x) & delete (b) y = e-x
the portion of f(x) for x < 0.
Illustration: Sketch the following
And retaining the portion of curve
curves
for x  0, reflect the retained
portion in the y-axis. (a) y = loge |x|

 f (x) if x  0 (b) y = tan |x|

 y  f (| x |)  
f (  x) if x  0 (c) y =sin |x|
Also known as even extension of f(x).
(f) y =e -|x|

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 103

(d) To draw graph of |f(x)| retain the
curve f(x) whenever f(x)  0 and
reflect the portion of curve in
x-axis whenever function f(x) ≤ 0
 f (x) if f (x)  0
 y  | f (x) |  
f ( x) if f (x)  0

Illustration:
(a) y = |loge x|

(b) y = |tan x|

(c) y = |x2 – 4x + 3|

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 104

 2f (x) if f (x)  0
(e) y  f (x)  | f (x) |  
 0 if f (x)  0
 1 f (x)  0
f (x) 
(f)  not defined f (x)  0
| f (x) | 
1 f (x)  0

Illustration:
(a) y = x + |x|

(b) y = sinx - |sin x|

log x
(c) y
| log x |

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 105

(g) To draw graph of |y| = f(x) draw
the curve f(x) delete the portion
of f(x) lying below x-axis & reflect
the retained portion of the curve
f(x) whenever f(x)  0 in x-axis.
Q |y| = f(x) At x =  say f() = k
Case (i) If k  0
 |y| = f() = k  y = k
Illustration:
Thus (, k); (, -k) are two (a) |y| = loge x
points on the graph.
(b) |y| = sin x
Case (ii) If k < 0
 |y| = f() = k < 0 (c) |y| = x2 – 6x + 8

 No real value of y.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 106

(h) To sketch f(x + k), shift the graph of
f(x) horizontally by |k| unit in the
direction opposite to sign of k.
 Domain of y= f(x+k) is [   k,   k]

Illustration :
(a) y = f(x+1)
(b) y  log  x  1
(c) y = sin(x – p/2)
(h) The graph of y = f (x ) + k can Illustration: (a) y = f(x) +1

be obtained by shifting y = f(x) (b) y = 1 – f(x)

vertically |k| unit in the direction, (c) y = ex + 1

same as sign of k. (d) y = 1 + cos x.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 107

(j) y = k f(x) can be obtained by stretching
the graph of f(x), |k| times vertically
away from x–axis if k > 1. & if 0 < k < 1.
1
Compressing the graph of f(x),
|k|
times vertically towards x-axis.
Illustration :
(a) y = 2f(x)
(b) 1/2 f(x)
(c) y = 3 sin x
(d) y = 3x2 + 4

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 108

(k) For y  f (kx) Df : [ ,  ]
 
  kx    x 
k k
 k  1 domain is compressed

0  k  1 domain is stretched

 To draw the graph of f(kx) stretch graph

1
of f(x) horizontally | k | times (if 0<k<1) Illustration:
away from y-axis. (a) y = f(2x)

 If k > 1, then compress f(x) horizontally (b) y = f(x/2)

|k| times towards y-axis. (c) y = sin (2x)

(d) y = sin(x/2)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 109

(l) For y = f([x]) Since Df : [ 1, 4]

  1  [x]  4  1 x 5
f (1) if  1  x  0

 f (0 ) if 0  x  1

Now y   f (1) if 1  x  2
 f (2) if 2  x  3

 f (3) if 3  x  4 etc.

 Mark the points on the graph of f(x)

whose x co-ordinate is integer.
Ans draw horizontal line segment
projecting rightward of unit length
through all such points.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 110

(m) In order to sketch the graph of y = [f(x)].
Let if x  [, ); f ()  m; m  
& f (x)  [m, m  1)
 y  [f (x)]  m
 y  m  x  [ , )

 Draw the graph of f(x).

 Mark the points with
integer
y co-ordinates.
 Draw a horizontal line from
each such point to next point
in the direction of increasing y.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 111

(n) In order to sketch the graph of [y] = f(x).


Domain of [y]  f (x) is  : f ()  m   &   Df 
 [y]  m

 y  [m, m  1) if x  

 Draw the graph of f(x).

 Mark the points with integer

y co-ordinates.
 Draw a vertical line of one
unit length from each such
point in the direction of in-
creasing y.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 112

 Textual Exercise – 25 (A Grade)

Q.1(a) Find all the possible solutions

of equation [|x|] [|y|] = 4 and
show them on graph.

(b) Find all the possible solutions

of equation [x]+ [y] = 4 and
show them on graph.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 113

Q.2 The number of real solutions
of the equation loga x = |x|,
0 < a < 1.
Ans. 1

Q.3 How many roots does the

following equation possess
3 |x| | 2 – | x | |= 1.

Ans. 4

Q.4 Find the number of real

solutions of the equation
x2 = 1–|x –5|.

Ans. 0

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 114

Q.5 Find the number of solution
of 2sin |x| = 4|cos x| in [-p, p].
Ans. 4
Q.6 Prove that the equation
3x–1 + 5x–1 = 34 has only
one solution.

Q.7 Find the number of solutions

of the equation cos[x] = e2x–1,
x  [0, 2]; where [.] denotes the
greatest integer function:

Ans. 1

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 115

 INVERSE CIRCULAR
FUNCTION
& THEIR PROPERTIES

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 116

 y = sinx
y = sin-1x
Domain : ¡ & Range : [- 1, 1]
Period : 2 & odd function.
  
Principle domain   , 
 2 2
Increasing in its Principle domain .

Domain :  1, 1

   
Range :   , 
 2 2
Odd function
Increas ing function.
sin 1 (  x)   sin 1 (x)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 117

 y = cosx y = cos-1x
Domain :  & Range : [ 1, 1]
Period : 2 & even function.
Principle domain  0, 
Decreases in its Principle domain.

Domain : [ 1, 1] Range : [0,  ]

decreasing function
cos1 ( x)    cos1 x
neither even nor odd.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 118

 y = tan x y = tan-1x
  
Domain :  ~  :   (2n  1) ; n  
 2 
& Range :  Period :  & odd function.
  
Principle domain :   , 
 2 2
Increa sin g in its
Pr inciple domain. Domain : 
  
Range :   , 
 2 2
increa sin g function
Odd function
tan 1 (  x)   tan 1 (x)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 119

 y = cot x y = cot-1x

Domain :  ~  :   n ; n  
& Range :  Period :  & odd function.


Principle domain : 0,  
Decreasing in its
Principle domain .

Domain :  Range : 0,  
decrea sin g function
neither even nor odd.
cot 1 ( x)    cot 1 x

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 120

 y = sec x y = sec-1x
  
Domain :  ~  :   (2n  1) ; n  
 2 
& Range : ( , 1]  [1,  )
Period : 2 & even function.

P . D. : [0,  ] ~   Increasing in its
 2  Principle domain.

Domain : (, 1]  [1, )


Range : [0,  ] ~  
2
increasing function
neither even nor odd.
sec1 (x)    sec1 x

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 121

 y = cosec x y = cosec-1 x

Domain :  ~  :   n ; n   
& Range : ( , 1]  [1,  )
Period : 2 & odd function.
  

P . D. :   ,  ~ 0
Decreasing in its
 2 2 Principle domain .
Domain : (, 1]  [1, )
  
Range :   ,  ~ 0 
 2 2
decreasing function
odd function.
co sec1 ( x)  co sec1 (x)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 122

 Textual Exercise – 19 (A Grade)
Q.1 Column (A) Column (B)
(i) sec1 1  cot 1 1 (a) 
 1 (b) 0
(ii) tan 1 3  cos1   
 2

(iii) cos ec1 2  tan 1 1 (c)
2

(iv) cot 1 (  3)  sec1 2 (d)
4
(v ) sec1 (2)  cos1 (1) 5
(e)
3
(vi) tan 1 10  cot 1 10
7
(f )
6
Ans. (i)d; (ii) a; (iii)b; (iv)f
(v) e; (vi) c

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 123

Q.2 Solve the following for x
 
(a)  sin 1 x 
6 3

(b) tan 1 x 
4
 2
(c)  cos1 (2x  1) 
4 3
 2x  
(d) tan 1  
2
1  x  4
1 3
Ans. (a) x   ,  (b) x  (1,  )
2 2 
 
 3 
(c) x    , 0  (d) x  1
 4 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 124

 2n

Q.3 k 1
cos 1 x k  0, then evaluate

2n
(a)  xk
k 1

n
(b)  (sin 1 xk  tan 1 xk )
k 1

3n
Ans. (a) 2n (b)
4

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 125

 n n
n
Q.4  sin 1
xk 
2
, then  cos1 xk ?
k 1 k 1

Ans. 0

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 126

Q.5 Find the value of x for which;
sec-1x + tan-1x is real and also
find the range of this function.
 
Ans. Df : , 1  1,  & Rf : (0, )

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 127

Q.6 (a) Solve the equation :
2(sin-1 x)2 - (sin-1 x) - 6 = 0.
(b) Find smallest and the largest
1  x 
value of tan 1   0  x  1.
 1  x 
3  
Ans. (a) sin   (b)  0, 
2  4

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 128

Q.7 Find the range of following
functions:
(a) (cos–1 |1 –x2|)
(b) cos–1 (2x – x2)

(c) cot –1(x2 – 4x + 5)

     
Ans. (a)  0,  (b)  ,   (c)  0, 
 2 4   4

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 129

Q.8 Find the range of following functions:
1 x 1
(a) (sin 1 x  tan 1 x) 
 x 2  2x  5
 (2x 2  1) 
(b) cos 1  
 x 1 
2
 
 3  1 
Ans. (a)   , 1  (b)  ,1 
 4  2 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 130

Q.9 If sin-1x + sin-1y + sin-1z = 3p/2,
then show that
(x101  y101 )(x 202  y202 )
 (x 303 303
y )(x 404
y 404
)
3

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 131

 Composition of Trigonometric & Inverse trigonometric function
Function : Properties : Graph :
 y = sin (sin-1 x) Domain : [-1,1] Range : [-1,1]
= cos (cos-1 x) odd function & monotonically
= x  x  [ 1, 1 ] increasing function.

 y = tan (tan-1 x) Domain :  Range : 

= cot (cot -1 x) odd function & monotonically

= x x  increasing function.

 y = sec (sec-1 x) Domain : ( , 1]  [1,  )

= cosec (cosec-1 x) Range : ( , 1]  [1,  )
=x  x   ~ ( 1, 1) odd function & monotonically
increasing function.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 132

Illustration: Evaluate the following:
(a) sin(sin-1 5)
 2
(b) cos  cos1 
 3
(c) cos(cos-1 (10))
 1
(d) sec  sec1 
 2
(e) cosec(cosec-1 5)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 133

Illustration: Which of the following
are pair of identical function.
(a) cot(cot-1 x) & tan(tan-1 x)
(b) sec(sec-1 x) & cos(cos-1 x)
(c) sin(sin-1 x) & cosec(cosec-1 x)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 134

 Illustration: Identify whether
the function given below
odd / even / neither.
1
( a) tan 1
x
(b ) x cot 1 x
1
( c) x 2 tan 1
x
(d) x cot 1 x 2
Ans. (a) even (b) none
(c) odd (d) odd

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 135

 y = sin-1 (sinx) Graph :
 Properties:
  
Domain :  Range :   , 
 2 2
Periodic : 2 odd function.
  y  sin 1 (sin x) is formed by
 x; if   x 
 2 2
y   tangents of y  sin x at x  n.
 3
   x ; if  x 
 2 2
 3 3 
  x    x  
2 2 2 2
 
  x 
2 2
 x    sin(   x)  sin x
but sin( x  )   sin x

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 136

Illustration1: Evaluate the following
Conclusion !
1  17  1  12    2n  x
(a) sin  sin  (b) sin  sin  sin 1 (sin x)  
 6   3 
(2n  1)   x
 3
(c ) sin 1 

sin 
2

(d ) sin 1 sin 5  Choose suitable ‘n’ so that
  
Result lies in   , 

(e) sin 1 sin 10  (f) sin(sin-1 10)  2 2
 13  1 13
( g) sin 1  sin  (h ) sin sin
 4  5

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 137

Illustration 2:
(a) Find the area enclosed by
y = sin-1(sinx) and x-axis
 x  [-2, 2 ]

(b) Find the area enclosed by

y = sinx & y = sin-1(sinx)
 x  [-2, 2 ]

Hint : Area of shaded portion Ans. 2  8

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 138

 1
 y  cos (cos x)
 Properties :
Domain :  Range : [0,  ]
periodic : 2 Even function.
 x 0  x 
 y 
 x   x  0
 cos x 1 (cos x ) is an even function

 cos x 1 (cos x)   2n  x 

Choose suitable value of n so
that the result lies in [0, p].
Graph:

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 139

Illustration1: Evaluate the following
 17  
(a) cos 1  cos 
 6 
 12 
(b) cos1  cos 
 3 
 3
(c) cos 1  cos 
 2
 
(d) cos1 cos 5
(e) cos1 cos 10 

(f ) cos cos1 10 
 13 
(g) cos 1  cos 
 4 
13
(h ) cos 1 cos
5

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 140

 1
 y  tan (tan x) Graph :

 Properties :
 
Domain :  ~ 2n  1  / 2 
Range :   / 2,  / 2 
Perodic :  odd function
   x; 3 / 2  x   / 2

 x;  / 2  x   / 2
y
   x;  / 2  x  3 / 2
2   x; 3 / 2  x  5  / 2

 tan 1 (tan x)  n  x
Choose suitable value of n so
  
that the result lies in   2 , 2  .
 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 141

Illustration: Evaluate the following.
 17  
(a) tan 1  tan 
 6 
 12 
(b) tan 1  tan 
 3 
 3
(c) tan 1  tan 
 2


(d) tan 1 tan 5 
(e) tan 1 tan 10 
(f ) tan(tan 1 10 )

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 142

 y = sin-1 (sinx)

1
 y  tan (tan x)

 y  cos 1 (cos x)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 143

 Textual Exercise – 20 (A Grade)
Q.1 Find the range of functions
f (x)  | sin 1 | sin x ||  cos 1 | cos x |
Ans. {0}

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 144

Q.2 Draw the graph of

following
(a) sec -1
(sec x)functions.

(b) cosec-1(cosec x)
(c) cot-1(cot x)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 145

Q.3 Prove the result
 cos x   x  3
tan 1    , x .
 1  sin x  4 2 2 2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 146

Q.4 Solve for x   0, 2  .
 sin x 
1  1  sin x  1  x
(a) cot    -
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2
 sin x   x
1  1  sin x  1 
(b) cot   
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2 2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 147

 Inverse Trigonometric Function
of Negative Inputs:
 sin 1 (  x)   sin 1 x
 cos ec1 (  x)   cos ec 1 x
 tan 1 (  x)   tan 1 x
1 1
 cos (  x)    cos x
 sec1 (  x)    sec 1 x

 cot 1 (  x)    cot 1 x

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 148

 Inverse Trigonometric Function
for Reciprocal Inputs :
 sin 1 x  cos ec1 1  x  [ 1, 1] ~ {0}
x

 cos1 x  sec 1 1  x  [ 1, 1] ~ {0}

x
 1 1
 cot x  0
 tan 1
x x
   cot 1 1 x  0
 x

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 149

 Prove the following Theorems :
1 1 
 sin x  cos x  if x  [ 1, 1]
2
1 1 
 sec x  cos ec x  if x  ( , 1]  [1,  )
2

 tan 1 x  cot 1 x   if x  
2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 150

 Textual Exercise – 21 (A Grade)
Q.1 Find the max/min values of
the following functions.
   
2 2
(a) sin 1 x  cos 1 x

 tan x   cot x 
3 3
1 1
(b)
(c) (sin 1 x)3  (cos 1 x )3

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 151

Q.2 Find whether the following
functions is bounded or not.
And also find its max / min
values & range.

   
2 2
(a) sec1 x  cos ec1 x

 sin x   cos x 
2 2
-1 -1
(b)
3
 sin 1 x. cos 1 x 
4

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 152

Q.3 If cot-1x + cot-1y + cot-1 z = p/2,
then Prove that x + y + z = x.y.z.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 153

 Inter-conversions of Inverse
Trigonometric Function:
x
sin 1 x  tan 1 if x  (1, 1)
2
1x
1
sin 1 x  cos ec1 if x  [ 1, 1] ~ {0}
x
 cos 1 1  x 2 if x  [0, 1]
1 
sin x  
  cos1 1  x 2 if x [ 1, 0]

  1  x2 
 cot  1  if x  (0, 1]
  x 
sin 1 x    
  2 
1  1  x 
  cot  
if x  [ 1, 0 )
 x
 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 154

 Textual Exercise – 22 (A Grade)
Q.1 Find the set of solutions of the
following equations.
1 x 1 x2
(a) sin  cos 1 0
2 4
1 x 1 x2
(b) sin  cos 1
2 4

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 155

Q.2 Prove the results.
(a) sin(cot-1(tan(cos-1x))) = x

(b) cos tan  sin cot x  =

-1 -1 x2  1
x  2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 156

 Multiple Angles Results:
 1  2  1
  sin  2x 1  x  1  x  
   2
 1 1
2 sin 1 x   sin 1  2x 1  x 2    x 
   2 2
 1  2  1
   sin  2x 1  x   x  1
   2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 157

 Textual Exercise – 23 (A Grade)
Q.1 Solve the following equation for x.
1 x 1 x2
(a) 2 sin  sin x 1 
2 4
(b) 2 cos 1 x  2   cos (2x 2  1)
1

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 158

Q.2 Solve the following equation for x.
2x
(a) 2 tan 1 x  sin 1
1  x2
1

1 1  x
2 
(b) 2 tan x   cos 
 1  x 2 
 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 159

Q.3 Find the domain of function

f (x)  5  sin 1 x  6(sin 1 x) 2

Ans. 0, 1

Q.4 Find the domain of function

 3 tan 1 x  2 
f (x)  log2  
 4 tan 1 x   
 
Ans. –¥ < x < 1

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 160

Q.5 Solve the inequality
(2cos–1x+p) (6cos–1x–p) ³ 0.
 3
Ans. x  1, 
 2 

Q.6 Solve the inequality

(sec–1x)2–5(sec–1x)+6³0.
Ans. xÎ{–¥,sec2]È[sec3,–1]È[1,¥)

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 161

Q.7 Solve the equation for x.
 2x 
2 tan 1 x     tan 1  .
2 
 1  x 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 162

Q.8 Solve the following equation for x.
(a) 3 sin 1 x    sin 1 (3x  4x 3 )
(b) 3 sin 1 x  sin 1 (3x  4x 3 )
(c) 3 sin 1 x    sin 1 (3x  4x 3 )
1 1 1
Ans. (a)  1  x   (b)   x 
2 2 2
1
(c)  x 1
2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 163

Q.9 For the condition of principle
domain prove the following
results.
(a) sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1  x 1  y2  y 1  x 2 
 
(b) cos 1 x  cos 1 y  cos 1  xy  1  x 2 . 1  y2 
 
 xy 
(c) tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 
 1  xy 
 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 164

 Compound Angle Results :  x  tan A & y  tan B
tan 1 x  tan 1 y tan A  tan B xy
 tan(A  B)  
 xy  1  tan A tan B 1  xy
 1
tan 
 1  xy
 , if xy  1
  tan 
1
tan(A  B)  tan 1
 xy 
 
 1
 xy 

 1  xy 

   tan 
 1  xy
 , if x  0, y  0 & xy  1
    A  B if    A  B  
  2
   tan 1 
 xy
 1  xy 

, if x  0, y  0 & xy  1 

 A  B if 
2

 A  B 

2

 
 
   A  B if

 AB  
  , if x  0, y  0 & xy  1
2

 2

 
2
, if x  0, y  0 & xy  1
  
Proof : Let tan x  A    , 
1

 2 2
  
& tan 1 y  B    , 
 2 2
 A  B  ( , )

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 165

 sin 1 x  sin 1 y

 
 if  1  x, y  1 & x 2  y 2  1
1 2 2
 sin x 1y y 1x ,
 or if xy  0 & x 2  y2  1


    sin 1 x 1  y2  y 1  x 2 ,

 if 0  x, y  1 and x 2  y2  1

 
   sin 1 x 1  y2  y 1  x 2 , if  1  x, y  0 and x 2  y2  1

1
cos x  cos 1 y
cos1 {xy  1  x 2 1  y 2 }, if  1  x, y  1 & x  y  0


1 2 2
2   cos {xy  1  x 1  y } , if  1  x, y  1 & x  y  0

 cos 1  xy  1  x 2 1  y2  x  y
cos1 x  cos1 y    
 cos 1  xy  1  x 2 1  y2  x  y
  
 Textual Exercise – 23 (A Grade)
Q.1 Pr ove the following Re sults
1 1 2
(a) tan 1  tan 1  tan 1
7 13 9
1 1 
(b) 2 tan 1  tan 1  
3 7 4
5
(c) Evaluate tan 1 9  tan 1
4
3
Ans.
4
Q.2 Prove the following results
2 61 
(a) cos1  cos 1  .
3 2 3 6
1 1 3 
(b) sin 1  sin 1  sin 1  .
3 3 11 11 2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 168

Q.3 For what value of x,
 3  3x 2 
1 1  x
f (x)  cos x  cos 
2 2 
 
is a constant function.
1 
Ans. x   ,  
 2 


12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 169

 1
 2 x 4 x6  1
 4 x8 x 12  
Q .4 : f (x)  sin  x      cos  x    
 3 9   3 9  2
   
where 0  | x |  3 then solve for x.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 170

Q.5 Solve the following equations
x1 x 1
(a) tan 1
x 1
 tan 1
x
 
 tan 1 7


(b) sin 1 x  sin 1 2x 
3

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 171

 tan 1 1  tan 1 2  tan 1 3
Q.7 Show that 2
1 1 1
cot 1  cot 2  cot 3
Q.8 If tan-14 + tan-15 = cot(l) then find l.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 172

Q.9 Find the sum of the following series
1 1 1 1
(a) tan 1  tan 1  tan 1  tan 1  ... to .
2 8 18 32
1 1 1
(b) tan 1  tan 1  tan 1  ... upto n terms.
3 7 13

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 173

Q.10 Let f(x) = cos-1 (cos x) – sin-1 (sin x)
in [0, 2p]. Find the area bounded by the
graph of the function and the x-axis.
Hint &
 x 0  x  
Solution
co s  1 co s x   
  x   x 2 

 
 x 0  x 
2

 3
 c o s  1 co s x      x  x 
 2 2
 3
x  2  x  2
 2
 
 0 if x   0 , 
 2


 2x   if x   ,  
 2 
 f (x )  
3 
  if x    ,
  2 

 4   2 x if x   3  , 2  
  2 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 174

 
Q.11 Solve cos1 x 3  cos 1 x  .
2

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 175

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 176
  1 2  x  n  1   [nx] x  .
Q.4 Pr ove [x]   x     x    ....  
 n  n n 

Proof : Let x = [x] + y, where 0  y  1 & p   : p  1  ny  p

(This is always positive because given a real number, we can always find
two consecutive integers, between which the number lies)
1 k k p1k pk
Now, x   [x ]  y  . Also, y  lies between &
x n m n n
p1k i.e. k  n  (p  1)
So long as  1,
n
k  k
y is less than 1 and consequently  x    [x ]
n  n
 k
i.e.,  x    [x] for k  0, 1...., n  p
 n
 k
But  x    [x]  1, for k  n  p  1, ..., n  1
 n
12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 177
 1 x  n  1 
 [x]   x    .... 
 n   n 
= [x] + …… + [x] (n – p + 1 times)

+ ([x] + 1) + ([x] + 1) + ….. (p – 1) times

= n[x] + (p – 1) ….. (i)

Also [nx] = [n[x] + ny] = n[x] + (p – 1)

Since p  1  ny  p ….. (i)

1 2  x  n  1   [nx].
From (i) and (ii) [x]   x     x    ... 
 x   n   n 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 178

Q.5 Let [x] denote the greatest integer not larger than x (the “integer
part “ of x). For every +ve integer n evaluate the sum.

 n  1    n  2   ....   n  2k 
 2   2 2   2k  1 
 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 179

Q.10 Let F(x) be a function defined by
F(x) = x- [x], x Î R – {0} where
where [x] is the greatest integer
less than equal to x. Then find the
number of solutions of F(x)+ F(1/x)=1.
Ans.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 180

Q.11 Solve the equation (x)2 = [x]2 + 2x,
where [x] & {x} are the integer just
less than or equal to x & just greater
than or equal to x respectively.

Q.12 Find the solution set of (x)2+(x–1)2=25,

where (x) is the least integer greater than
or equal to x.
Q.13 Solve the inequality x[x]-x2–3[x]+3x > 0.

Q.14 If a1, a2, …, an are integers with

s = a1 + a2 + … + an then prove that

 s    a1    a2   ...   an 
 a   a   a   a 

For any integer a > 0.

Q.15 Prove that following properties of the
greatest integer function
(i ) [x  y]  [x ]  [y]

 [x]   x 
(ii)     n 
 n 
1
(iii )  x    [2x]  [x]
 2

Q.16 Prove that for every real number x,

1 2  x  n  1   [nx ].
[x ]   x     x    ... 
 n   n   n 
Q.17 If a, b & c are integers with c > 0,
then prove that
 2a    2b  1   a   b   a  b  1 
 c   c   c   c   c 

Illustration : Given f : (N) ® I0 f(x) = 2x, g : I0 ® Q g(x) = 1/x

& h : Q ® R h(x) = e1/x  (hog)of = ho(gof) = e2x

Q.3 If the function f satisfies the relation

f(x+y)f(x - y)= - 2g(x)g(y) " x, y Î ¡ where

g'(x) = f(x) & f (0)  0 then f(x) is.

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 185

  x  0    / 2  A  0 
Case II : If x < 0 <, y < 0 & xy < 1.  
 y  0    / 2  B  0 
Þ -p < A + B < 0
xy
 0 Þ tan(A + B)< 0
1  xy
Þ A + B lies in II or in IV quadrant.
 xy 
Þ A + B lies in IV quadrat  tan1(tan(A  B))  tan1  
 1  xy 
 xy   xy 
 A  B  tan 1    tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1  
 1  xy   1  xy 

12/07/2022 MIIT EDU SERVICES PVT LTD 186