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Digital Logic Gates

This document discusses Boolean algebra and digital logic gates. It covers topics like Boolean expressions for AND, OR and NOT operations. It describes how logic gates can be constructed to implement other logic operations based on properties like commutativity and associativity. It also discusses standard logic gates like AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR. Additionally, it explains how gates can be extended to multiple inputs if their binary operations are commutative and associative, and how cascaded NAND and NOR gates work. Finally, it touches on realizing basic gates using universal gates.

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MARUPAKA BHARGAV ANAND BU21CSEN0400111
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38 views12 pages

Digital Logic Gates

This document discusses Boolean algebra and digital logic gates. It covers topics like Boolean expressions for AND, OR and NOT operations. It describes how logic gates can be constructed to implement other logic operations based on properties like commutativity and associativity. It also discusses standard logic gates like AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR. Additionally, it explains how gates can be extended to multiple inputs if their binary operations are commutative and associative, and how cascaded NAND and NOR gates work. Finally, it touches on realizing basic gates using universal gates.

Uploaded by

MARUPAKA BHARGAV ANAND BU21CSEN0400111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Boolean Algebra and Logic

Gate

Mohan Gowda V

December 6, 2022 GITAM UNIVERSITY 1


Digital Logic Gates
 Boolean expression: AND, OR and NOT operations
 Constructing gates of other logic operations
 The feasibility and economy;
 The possibility of extending gate's inputs;
 The basic properties of the binary operations (commutative and
associative);
 The ability of the gate to implement Boolean functions.

December 6, 2022 2
Other Logic Operations
 2n rows in the truth table of n binary variables.
 22n functions for n binary variables.
 16 functions of two binary variables.

 All the new symbols except for the exclusive-OR symbol


are not in common use by digital designers.
December 6, 2022 3
Boolean Expressions

December 6, 2022 4
Standard Gates
 Consider the 16 functions in Table 2.8 (slide 39)
 Two are equal to a constant (F0 and F15).
 Four are repeated twice (F4, F5, F10 and F11).
 Inhibition (F2) and implication (F13) are not commutative or
associative.
 The other eight: complement (F12), transfer (F3), AND (F1), OR
(F7), NAND (F14), NOR (F8), XOR (F6), and equivalence
(XNOR) (F9) are used as standard gates.
 Complement: inverter.
 Transfer: buffer (increasing drive strength).
 Equivalence: XNOR.

December 6, 2022 5
Summary of Logic Gates

December 6, 2022 Digital logic gates 6


Summary of Logic Gates

December 6, 2022
Digital logic gates 7
Multiple Inputs
 Extension to multiple inputs
 A gate can be extended to multiple inputs.
 If its binary operation is commutative and associative.
 AND and OR are commutative and associative.
 OR
 x+y = y+x
 (x+y)+z = x+(y+z) = x+y+z
 AND
 xy = yx
 (x y)z = x(y z) = x y z

December 6, 2022 8
Multiple Inputs
 NAND and NOR are commutative but not associative → they
are not extendable.

Figure 2.6 Demonstrating the nonassociativity of the NOR operator;


(x ↓ y) ↓ z ≠ x ↓(y ↓ z)
December 6, 2022 9
Multiple Inputs
 Multiple NOR = a complement of OR gate, Multiple NAND = a
complement of AND.
 The cascaded NAND operations = sum of products.
 The cascaded NOR operations = product of sums.

Multiple-input and cascated NOR and NAND gates


December 6, 2022 10
Multiple Inputs
 The XOR and XNOR gates are commutative and associative.
 Multiple-input XOR gates are uncommon?
 XOR is an odd function: it is equal to 1 if the inputs variables
have an odd number of 1's.

December 6, 2022 Figure 2.8 3-input XOR gate 11


Realization of basic gates using universal gates

December 6, 2022
12

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