INDUCTIVE AND

DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
MIDTERM
Objectives

 USE DIFFERENT TYPES OF REASONING TO JUSTIFY

STATEMENTS AND ARGUMENTS MADE ABOUT
MATHEMATICS AND MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS

 WRITE CLEAR AND LOGICAL PROOFS OF THE

GIVEN PROBLEM
MATHEMATICAL REASONING
 Is the process of thinking about things in a logical, rational
way.
 reasoning involves drawing logical conclusions based on
evidence or stated assumptions.
 It refers to the ability of a person to analyze problem
situations and construct logical arguments to justify the
process or hypothesis, to create both conceptual
foundations and connections, in order for him to be able
to process the information.
WHY IS MATHEMATICAL REASONING
IMPORTANT?
 Why is mathematical reasoning
important?

 Discern the truth

 It helps you to make an important decisions.
 Solve problems
 Draw logical conclusion
 Develop and describe solutions
Types of Reasoning

INDUCTIVE REASONING

DEDUCTIVE REASONING
 INDUCTIVE REASONING
Is the process of reaching a general conclusion by
examining specific examples.

Specific

General
Reasoning that uses a number of specific examples to arrive at
conclusion.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Is the process of reaching a conclusion by applying general
assumptions, procedures, or principles.

General

Specific

Takes general rule and uses it to make a more specific

example.
 INDUCTIVE REASONING DEDUCTIVE REASONING

True Premise True Premise

True Premise True Premise

True Premise True Premise

Probable True
Conclusion Conclusion
 INDUCTIVE VS DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
INDUCTIVE REASONING

Statement 1: Mango is a fruit (Specific Statement)

Statement 2: The box is full of fruits (Specific Statement)
Conclusion: The box is full of Mangoes (General Conclusion)
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Statement 1: All mangoes are fruits (General Statement)

Statement 2: All fruits have seeds (General Statement)
Conclusion: Mangoes have seeds(Specific Conclusion)
 INDUCTIVE REASONING DEDUCTIVE REASONING

My mother uses money. All my family members use

My father uses money. money.
My sister uses money. John is a member of my
My brother uses money. family.

All my relatives use money! John uses money!

Determine what type of reasoning is used in the following
arguments.

 Every time you eat peanuts, you start to cough. Therefore,

you are allergic to peanuts.
 All men are mortal. Ram is a man, Therefore, Ram is mortal.
 All even numbers are divisible by 2. 22 is even. Therefore,
22 is divisible by 2.
 Yesterday morning, Ana went jogging. This morning, she
jogged again. Therefore, Anna will probably jog tomorrow
morning.
Determine what type of reasoning is used in the following
arguments.

 All spiders have eight legs. Black widows are spiders. Thus,
black widows have eight legs.
 All squares are rectangle. All rectangle have four sides.
Therefore, all squares have four sides.
 The soccer team has lost the last 5 games. I conclude that
they will lose their next game.
 Since Dan is a good athlete, Dan’s sister must be a good
athlete.
EXERCISE 01 (INDUCTIVE VS DEDUCTIVE REASONING)

Group Discussion Activity

Instructions:

Give at least two examples of INDUCTIVE and DEDUCTIVE

REASONING statement.

Discuss with your groups.

THE USE OF INDUCTIVE REASONING

1. To Predict a Number
2. To make a Conjecture
3. To solve as Application
 INDUCTIVE REASONING TO PREDICT A NUMBER
Use inductive reasoning to predict the most probable next
number in the given list.
1+1 +2 = 4 4+7 +13 = 24
2 4 12 48 240 1,440

x2 x3 x4 x5 1 1 2 4 7 13 24

216
1 8 27 64 125
1+1 = 2

+7 +19 37 +61 +91

1+2+4 = 7
+12 +18 +24 +30

+6 +6 +6
2+4+7 = 13
EXERCISE 02 (INDUCTIVE REASONING TO PREDICT A NUMBER)
Use inductive reasoning to predict the most probable next
number in the given list.
25 117
1 4 9 16 7 13 25 45 75

+6 +12 +20 +30 +42

1 2 22 32 4 2
5 2

+6 +8 +10 +12

5 14 10 19 15 25 20 +2 +2 +2

+5 +5 +5
CONJECTURE

The conclusion formed is often called a conjecture, since

may or may not be true.

A concluding statement that is reached using inductive

reasoning.
INDUCTIVE REASONING TO MAKE CONJECTURE

• Write a conjecture that describes the pattern 2, 4, 12, 48, 240,. Then use
your conjecture to find the next item in the sequence pattern

Step 1: Look for a pattern. 2 4 12 48 240

x2 x3 x4 x5

Step 2: Make a conjecture.

The numbers are multiplied by 2, 3,4, then 5. Therefore, we predict the
next number will be the product of 240 and 6, which is 1440.
INDUCTIVE REASONING TO MAKE CONJECTURE

• Write a conjecture that describes the pattern 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,. Then use
your conjecture to find the next item in the sequence pattern

Step 1: Look for a pattern. 3 6 9 12 15

+3 +3 +3 +3
Step 2: Make a conjecture.
Each numbers are added by 3. Therefore, we predict the next number on the list
will be the sum of 15 and 3, which is 18

Each successive number is 3 larger than the preceding number. Thus, we predict
that the next number on the list is 3 larger than 15, which is 18.
INDUCTIVE REASONING TO MAKE CONJECTURE
2. Find the next item in the sequence and write a conjecture statement.
Monday, Wednesday, Friday, …

Step 1: Look for a pattern.

Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday

Step 2: Make a conjecture.

Alternating days of the week. Therefore, we predict the next day is Sunday
 INDUCTIVE REASONING TO MAKE CONJECTURE
3. Find the next figure in the sequence and write a conjecture statement.

Step 1: Look for a pattern.

Step 2: Make a conjecture.

In this pattern, the figure rotates counter-clockwise. Therefore, we predict

the next figure is facing to the right .
EXERCISE 03 (INDUCTIVE REASONING TO MAKE A CONJECTURE)

Find the next terms in the sequence and write a conjecture statement.

1. 2,4,7,11, ___ ?
Conjecture: The difference between the consecutive numbers is increased by 1.Therefore, the next terms in the
sequence will be 16.

2. 2,4,6,8,10,12, __?
Conjecture: Each successive numbers is an even number. Therefore, the next terms in the sequence will be 14.

3.

Conjecture: The shaded triangle is rotating clockwise around the square. Therefore the next figure will have shaded
triangle in the bottom left corner.
 INDUCTIVE REASONING TO MAKE CONJECTURE

Make a conjecture between the relationship of the size of the resulting number
and size of original number.
 Pick a number.
 Multiply the number by 8,
 Add 6 to the product,
 Divide the sum by 2,
 And subtract 3.

Conjecture: The final answer is four times the original number.

 INDUCTIVE REASONING TO MAKE CONJECTURE

Make a conjecture between the relationship of the size of the resulting number and size of
original number.

 Pick a number.
 Add the number by 50,
 Multiply the sum by 2,
 Subtract the original number

Conjecture: The final answer is 100 more than the original number.
EXERCISE 03 (INDUCTIVE REASONING TO MAKE A CONJECTURE)

Make a conjecture between the relationship of the size of the resulting number and size of original number.

a. Pick a number
b. Multiply the number by 10
c. Add 8 to the product
d. Divide the sum by 2
e. And subtract 4.

Conjecture: The final answer is five times the original number.

 INDUCTIVE REASONING TO MAKE CONJECTURE
1. Make a conjecture between 2. Make a conjecture between the
the relationship of the size of relationship of the size of the
the resulting number and size resulting number and size of
of original number. original number.

 Pick a number.  Pick a number.

 Multiply the number by 6,  Multiply the number by 9,
 Add 10 to the product,  Add 15 to the product,
 Divide the sum by 2,  Divide the sum by 3,
 And subtract 5.  And subtract 5.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria

2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from

Sarah
work, is not the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
Brian
the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria

2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from

Sarah
work, is not the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
Brian
the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria

2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from

Sarah
work, is not the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
Brian
the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria

2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from

Sarah
work, is not the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
Brian
the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria

2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from

Sarah
work, is not the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
Brian
the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria

2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from

work, is not the editor. Sarah /
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
Brian
the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria

2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from

work, is not the editor. Sarah /
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
Brian
the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria /
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from
work, is not the editor. Sarah /
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
Brian
the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria /
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from
work, is not the editor. Sarah /
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
Brian
the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria /
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from
work, is not the editor. Sarah /
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
Brian
the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria /
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from
work, is not the editor. Sarah /
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
the same time. Brian /
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)

Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,

SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Editor Banker Chef Dentist
occupation of each neighbor.
Sean /
1. Maria gets home from work after the
banker but before the dentist. Maria /
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from
work, is not the editor. Sarah /
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at
the same time. Brian /
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles Editor Banker Chef Dentist
(Deductive Reasoning)
Sean /
Each of the four neighbors, SEAN, MARIA,
SARAH, and BRIAN, has a different Maria /
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clue, determine the Sarah /
occupation of each neighbor.
Brian /

1. Maria gets home from work after the

banker but before the dentist. Conjecture:
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from
Therefore,
work, is not the editor. Sean is a banker,
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at Maria is an editor,
the same time. Sarah is a chef, and
Brian is a dentist.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn,
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the
following clues determine which siblings bought which H M T S
car.
E

1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister G

who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
M
who bought the Suzuki car.
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one S
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
siblings who bought the Toyota car.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn,
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the
following clues determine which siblings bought which H M T S
car.
E

1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister G

who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
M
who bought the Suzuki car.
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one S
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
siblings who bought the Toyota car.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn,
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the
following clues determine which siblings bought which H M T S
car.
E

1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister G

who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
M
who bought the Suzuki car.
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one S
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
siblings who bought the Toyota car.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn,
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the
following clues determine which siblings bought which H M T S
car.
E

1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister G

who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
M
who bought the Suzuki car.
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one S
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
siblings who bought the Toyota car.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn,
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the
following clues determine which siblings bought which H M T S
car.
E

1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister G

who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
M
who bought the Suzuki car.
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one S /
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
siblings who bought the Toyota car.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn,
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the
following clues determine which siblings bought which H M T S
car.
E

1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister G

who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
M
who bought the Suzuki car.
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one S /
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
siblings who bought the Toyota car.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn,
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the
following clues determine which siblings bought which H M T S
car.
E

1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister G

who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
M
who bought the Suzuki car.
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one S /
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
siblings who bought the Toyota car.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn,
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the
following clues determine which siblings bought which H M T S
car.
E /
1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister G
who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
M
who bought the Suzuki car.
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one S /
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
siblings who bought the Toyota car.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn,
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the
following clues determine which siblings bought which H M T S
car.
E /
1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister G
who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
M
who bought the Suzuki car.
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one S /
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
siblings who bought the Toyota car.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn,
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the
following clues determine which siblings bought which H M T S
car.
E /
1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister G
who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
who bought the Suzuki car. M /
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one S /
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
siblings who bought the Toyota car.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning)
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn,
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the
following clues determine which siblings bought which H M T S
car.
E /
1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister G /
who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
who bought the Suzuki car. M /
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one S /
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
siblings who bought the Toyota car.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 H M T S
Logic Puzzles
(Deductive Reasoning) E /
Each of the four siblings (Edmund, Genalyn, G /
Madelyn, and Sonia) bought different cars. One chooses a
Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and Suzuki car. From the M /
following clues determine which siblings bought which S /
car.

1. Edmund, living alone, stays next door to his sister

Conjecture:
who bought the Honda car and very far from his sister
who bought the Suzuki car. Therefore,
2. Genalyn, also living alone, is younger than the one Edmund is the owner of Mitsubishi,
Genalyn is the owner of Suzuki,
who bought the Mitsubishi car and older than her
Madelyn is the owner of Honda, and
siblings who bought the Toyota car. Sonia is the owner of Toyota.
3. Madelyn, did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But
she and her sibling, who bought the Toyota car, live in
the same house.
 KENKEN PUZZLE
(DEDUCTIVE REASONING)

KENKEN (KENDUKO) PUZZLE

• a trademark names for a style of arithmetic and logic puzzle.
• Invented in 2004 by Japanese math teacher Tetsuya Miyamoto, who intended the
puzzles to be an instruction-free method of training the brain.

2÷ 6x
4 2 3 1
2- 7+
3 1 4 2
4 1-
1 4 2 3
6+
2 3 1 4
Let’s Begin!
 KENKEN PUZZLE
(DEDUCTIVE REASONING)
Example:
 KENKEN PUZZLE
(DEDUCTIVE REASONING)
Answer:

3 2 1

2 1 3

1 3 2
 KENKEN PUZZLE
(DEDUCTIVE REASONING)
Example:
 KENKEN PUZZLE
(DEDUCTIVE REASONING)
Answer:
 KENKEN PUZZLE
(INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY)
QUIZ
1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8
 KENKEN PUZZLE
(GROUP ACTIVITY)

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10
Note:

Short Bond Paper Size!

Due Date: Nov. 10, 2022

Any Reasons for late

submission will not be
accepted!
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