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Desalination

This document discusses polymer membranes for desalination and water purification. It begins by introducing various desalination techniques including multi-effect distillation, reverse osmosis, and membrane technologies like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration. It then discusses important properties of membrane materials like selectivity and stability, as well as advantages like low cost and energy efficiency. The document outlines advanced membrane materials including nanocomposite and carbon nanotube membranes that increase permeability while maintaining salt rejection. It concludes that combining nanotechnology with membrane separation can help overcome challenges and further improve performance.

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manisha
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90 views17 pages

Desalination

This document discusses polymer membranes for desalination and water purification. It begins by introducing various desalination techniques including multi-effect distillation, reverse osmosis, and membrane technologies like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration. It then discusses important properties of membrane materials like selectivity and stability, as well as advantages like low cost and energy efficiency. The document outlines advanced membrane materials including nanocomposite and carbon nanotube membranes that increase permeability while maintaining salt rejection. It concludes that combining nanotechnology with membrane separation can help overcome challenges and further improve performance.

Uploaded by

manisha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Polymer membranes for

desalination & water


purification

By: Prathvi . M
17CY017
NITK
1
Content:
 Introduction
 Different techniques of desalination

 Membrane technology

 Important properties of membrane material

 Advantage & Disadvantage of membrane technology

 Advanced membrane material for water desalination

 Conclusion

 References

2
Introduction:

Water desalination is a process to separate dissolved salts and other


minerals from water.
Feed water sources may include brackish water, seawater, wells,
wastewater, and industrial feed and process waters.
3
Techniques of desalination

 Multi-effect distillation
 Multi-stage flash

 Microfiltration

 Ultra filtration

 Nano filtration

 Reverse osmosis

 Forward osmosis

 Electro dialysis

4
Membrane technology for desalination

 Micro-filtration :
 Membrane contains large pore size(>0.01µm)
 Allows passage of free salts , prevents the passage of
different sized suspended particle and micro-organism.
 Used for pre-treatment step in production of drinking water.

 Ultra-filtration :
 Membrane pore size is 5nm-10nm
 In addition to large particles and microorganisms, it can
reject bacteria and soluble macromolecules such as
proteins.
 Nano filtration :
 Membrane pore size is 1nm-5nm
 allows partial passage of monovalent ions and partially
rejecting the bivalent ions.
 It is used mainly in the desalination of brackish water of low 5
salt concentration.
 Reverse osmosis(RO):
 Membrane pore size <1nm
 Excludes particles and even many low molar mass species
such as salt ions, organic particles
 cellulose acetate or polysulfone coated with aromatic
polyamides are typical RO membranes

source: Nunes, S. P.; Peinemann, K. V. Membrane Technology in the Chemical Industry; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2001.
 Forward osmosis:
 Water is transported from the feed solution to a draw solution
across a semi-permeable membrane.
 Applied hydrostatic pressure is not required.
 Driving force for the water transport is an osmotic pressure
difference across the membrane.

source: Nunes, S. P.; Peinemann, K. V. Membrane Technology in the Chemical Industry; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2001.
 Electro dialysis:
 Itbased on the application of an electrical field across a pair of ion
selective membranes, causing the different ion salts to move through
the membrane into a concentrated solution, leaving behind a diluted
solution.
 Membranes should have low electric resistivity, very high selectivity
of ion transport, low water permeability, and high chemical and
mechanical stability.

8
Source: Van der Bruggen, B.; Vandecasteele, C. "Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater
desalination", Desalination, 143 (2002) 207-218.
9

Source :Daer S, Kharraz J, Giwa A, Hasan SW (2015) Recent applications of nanomaterials in water desalination: a critical
review and future opportunities. Desalination 367:37–48.
Important properties of membrane material
 Anti fouling character
 Narrow pore distribution

 High polymer strength

 Good polymer flexibility

 High selectivity

 Wide range of pH stability

 Good chlorine tolerance

 Low cost

10
Advantage Disadvantage

 High stability and  Low selectivity


efficiency  Low permeability
 Low operating cost  Low anti-fouling property
 Low consumption of
energy
 Low pollution

 Easy to operate

11
Advanced membrane material for water
desalination
Nano composite membranes:
Made by incorporating inorganic or organic nano particle into
polymeric membrane matrix.

 Zeolite nanoparticles mixed with polymer matrix to form thin film


reverse osmosis membrane . It increases water transport and 99.7% salt
retention ability.

 Carbon nanotube-based nanocomposite membranes offers a substantial


advance for the desalination process.

12
Carbon nanotube (CNT) in membrane
technology
 Well-aligned CNT can serve as pores in membranes for water
desalination and decontamination applications .
 The hollow CNT structure provides frictionless transport of
water molecules
 High permeability rate and selectivity of carbon nanotubes
encourage the transport of water through channel.

13
14
Conclusion:
 Currently, polymeric or inorganic membrane separation
processes has reached a threshold at which it is hard to
improve separation performances only via further
optimization of membrane itself.
 The combination of nanotechnology and membrane separation
offers new approaches to overcome the challenge.

15
Refernces:
 Van der Bruggen, B.; Vandecasteele, C. Distillation vs.
membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in
seawater desalination, Desalination, 143 (2002) 207-218.
 Goh, P.S.; Ismail, A.F.; Ng, B.C. Carbon nanotubes for
desalination: Performance evaluation and current
hurdles. Desalination 2013, 308, 2–14.
 Tofighy MA, Shirazi Y, Mohammadi T, Pak A (2011)
Salty water desalination using carbon nanotubes
membrane. Chem Eng J 168:1064–1072.
 Nunes, S. P.; Peinemann, K. V. Membrane Technology in
the Chemical Industry; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2001.
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