BIOLOGY I

CELL STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS

NOVEEH NHASTASCY S.
ATCHUELA
Subject Teacher
 Two Types of Cells

All cells, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have some common
features
Prokaryotic
• Do not have structures
surrounded by membranes
• Few internal structures
• One-celled organisms,
Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms

Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
Major Divisions of the Eukaryotic Cell
 Organelles

Organelles are structures that enable the cell to

live, grow and reproduce.
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement in
and out of the cell
• Allows nutrients into the
cell and wastes outside of
the cell
• Double layer

“Gate into the city”

Cell Wall
• Supports & protects cells
• Most commonly found in plant
cells, bacteria and fungi
• Plant cell wall is mainly
composed of cellulose
• BacteriaPlant cell wall is mainly
composed of peptidoglycan
• Fungi cell wall is mainly
composed of Chitin and etc.
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• The control center of the
cell
• Separated from cytoplasm
by nuclear membrane
• Contains the Cell’s DNA
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter
and leave nucleus
Cytoplasm
•Gel-like mixture
•Surrounded by cell
membrane
•Contains
hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Moves materials
around in cell
•Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
•Rough type
(pictured): ribosomes
embedded in surface
Ribosomes
•Each cell contains
thousands
•Make proteins
•Found on
ribosomes &
floating throughout
the cell
Mitochondria
•Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
•Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
•Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Golgi Bodies
•Protein 'packaging
plant'
•Move materials
within the cell
•Move materials out of
the cell
Lysosomes
•Protein 'packaging
plant'
•Move materials
within the cell
•Move materials out of
the cell
Vacoules
•Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion,
and waste removal
•Contains water solution
•Help plants maintain
shape
Chloroplast
•Usually found in plant
cells
•Contains green
chlorophyll
•Where photosynthesis
takes place
Plant or Animal Cell?
Found in PlantPresent
Endoplasmic and Animal cells: Found only in Plant Cells:
Present
Reticulum
(Smooth and
• Nucleus • Chloroplasts
Rough)
• Golgi Complex
Peroxisomes Present
• Mitochondrion • Cell
Present
Wall
Golgi •Apparatus
LyosomesPresent Present
• Endoplasmic
Plasma Only cell membrane Cell wall and a cell membrane
Membrane
Reticulum
• Cell Membrane
• Ribosomes
Microtubules/ Present Present
• Vacuoles
Microfilaments
Flagella Present in some cells ( e.g. Present in some cells (e.g.
mammalian sperm cells) sperm of bryophytes and
Animal vs. Plant Cells – Chloroplasts Are a Big
Part of the Difference
 Animal Cell Plant Cell
Cell wall Absent Present (formed of cellulose)

Shape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)

Vacuole One or more small vacuoles (much One, large central vacuole
smaller than plant cells). taking up to 90% of cell
volume.
Centrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant
forms (e.g. chlamydomonas)
Chloroplast Absent Plant cells have chloroplasts
to make their own food.
Cytoplasm Present Present
Ribosomes Present Present
Mitochondria Present Present
Plastids Absent Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present
(Smooth and Rough)
Peroxisomes Present Present
Golgi Apparatus Present Present
Plasma Membrane Only cell membrane Cell wall and a cell membrane
Microtubules/ Present Present
Microfilaments
Flagella Present in some cells ( e.g. Present in some cells (e.g.
mammalian sperm cells) sperm of bryophytes and
pteridophytes, cycads and
Ginkgo)
Lysosomes Lysosomes occur in Lysosomes usually not evident.
cytoplasm.
Nucleus Present Present
Cilia Present Most plant cells do not contain 
cilia.
Activity: Cellventure
To test that you understand well, answer the
following questions by choosing the answer
from the list. Write the corresponding letter
above the blanks.
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
1 2 3 4 5 4 6 7
 A. Cell Membrane
B. Nucleolus 1. Which part of the cell sorts, modifies ,
C. Chloroplast
D. Smooth ER packages and distributes cell products
E. Cell wall
F. Rough ER
to where they are needed?
G. Peroxisome 2. Which part of the cell contains powerful
H. Plasmid
I. Lysosomes enzymes that digest food particles in the
J. Vacuoles
K. Mitochondrion cell.
L. Large Vacuole
M. Nucleus 3. Which part of the cell can be found
N. Golgi Bodies
O. Centrioles
inside the nucleus that produces
P. Amyloplast ribosomes?
Q. Crystal
R. Golgi Bodies 4. Which part of the cell can be found in
S. Cytoplasm
S. Aseptic Technique animal cells and lower plants that
T. Biuret
U. NaOH
functions during cell division?
V.HCl
 A. Cell Membrane
B. Nucleolus
C. Chloroplast 5.Which part of the cell consists of a
D. Smooth ER
E. Cell wall jelly-like substance where all the other
F. Rough ER
G. Peroxisome parts of the cell are located?
H. Plasmid
I. Lysosomes
J. Vacuoles
6.Which part of the cell controls all
K. Mitochondrion
L. Large Vacuole
the activities of the other parts that
M. Nucleus
N. Golgi Bodies
occur within the cell.
7.Which part of the cell has a rigid,
O. Centrioles
P. Amyloplast
Q. Crystal
R. Golgi Bodies
S. Cytoplasm
semi-permeable protective layer and
S. Aseptic Technique
T. Biuret
functions includes protection,
U. NaOH
V.HCl
structure & support?
 Assignment:
Direction: Differentiate Plant and Animal cell through a drawing.
Direction: Perform the experiment. Then,
answer the given questions below.