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Lecture 4 (B)

This document provides an overview of creating and executing assembly language programs. It discusses program structure including the stack, data, and code segments. It also covers key assembly language concepts like the .MODEL directive for memory models, declaring the stack and data segments, and using the INT instruction to call operating system functions. The document includes examples of a simple program that reads a character from the keyboard and displays it, demonstrating the assembly process from writing code to assembling, linking, and executing the program.

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54 views16 pages

Lecture 4 (B)

This document provides an overview of creating and executing assembly language programs. It discusses program structure including the stack, data, and code segments. It also covers key assembly language concepts like the .MODEL directive for memory models, declaring the stack and data segments, and using the INT instruction to call operating system functions. The document includes examples of a simple program that reads a character from the keyboard and displays it, demonstrating the assembly process from writing code to assembling, linking, and executing the program.

Uploaded by

Arafat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Title

Course Code: 0052 Course Title: Computer Organization and


Architecture

Dept. of Computer Science


Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecturer No: 4(b) Week No: 5 Semester:


Lecturer: Name & email
Overview

1. Creating, Assembling and executing assembly language


program.

2. By the end of this lesson we will be able to write simple


but interesting assembly program.
Program Structure
 A program Consist of

• Stack

• Data

• Code

 Each part occupies memory segments

 Program segment is translated into memory segment by assembler.

 The size of code and data of a program can be specified by memory model
using .MODEL directive

.MODEL Memory_model

.MODEL SMALL [Code in ONE segment and Data in one segment]


Stack Segment
• Allocate a block of memory (stack area) to store the stack.

• The stack area should be big enough to contain the stack at its
maximum size.

• Declaration:

.STACK size

.STACK 100H

** Allocates 100 bytes for stack area reasonable size for most
applications

** If size is omitted 1KB is allocated for stack area.


Data Segment
 Contains all the variable definitions and sometimes Constant
definitions (constant does not take any memory).

 To declare data segment .DATA directive is used followed by


variable and constant declaration.

.DATA

WORD1 DW 2

BYTE1 DB 1

MSG DB ‘THIS IS A MESSAGE’

MASK EQU 10010001B


Code Segment
 Contains the program’s instructions

 Declaration:

 .CODE name [name is optional]

There is no need of name in SMALL program

 Inside a code segment, instructions are organized as procedures.

name PROC

; body of the procedure

name ENDP

 Here name = name of the procedure. PROC and ENDP are pseudo-ops
Program Structure
.MODEL SMALL

.STACK 100H

.DATA

; data definitions here

. CODE

MAIN PROC

;instructions go here

MAIN ENDP

;other procedures go here

END MAIN

*** The last line of the program should be the END directive, followed by the name of main
procedure
Instruction: INT (Appendix C)
 INT: Interrupt option stops the continuous progress of an activity or process.

 Syntax:

INT interrupt_number

***A particular function is requested by placing a function number in the AH register and invoking INT 21h .

*** INT 21h functions expect input values to be in certain registers and return output values to other
registers

Function Routine Input Output


Number
1 single-key input AH=1 AL = 0 if no input or
ASCII of character
2 single-character output AH=2 DL=ASCII of display char
AL= ASCII of display char
9 character-string output AH=9
The First Program

 Task: The program will read a character from the


keyboard and display the same at the beginning of next
line.
 Lets start by displaying a question (“?”) mark for the
user input
The Solution
MOV AH,2 ; display character function
.MODEL SMALL MOV DL,0Dh ; carriage return
.STACK 100H INT 21H ; execute carriage return
. CODE MOV DL,0AH ; line feed to display
MAIN PROC
INT 21H ; execute Line feed
; display prompt to the user
; display character
MOV AH,2 ; display character function
MOV DL, BL ; retrieve character
MOV DL,’?’ ; character is ‘?’
INT 21H
INT 21H ; display the DL char (?)
;return to DOS
;input a character
MOV AH,4CH ; terminate the currant process and
MOV AH,1 ; read character function transfer

INT 21H ; character is in AL control to invoking process


MOV BL,AL ; save input to BL reg INT 21H ; termination the execution of
program
;go to new line
return control to DOS

MAIN ENDP

END MAIN
Programming Steps
Editor Create source program

.ASM file

Assembler Assemble source program

.OBJ file

Linker Link Object program

.EXE file
Instruction: LEA

 LEA: Load Effective address


LEA destination, source
 LEA puts copy of the source offset address into the
destination.
i.e. LEA DX, MSG ; will load address of MSG to DX
Program Segment Prefix (PSP)

• PSP contains information about the program to facilitate the program


access in this area

• DOS places its segment number in both DS and ES before program


execution

• Usually, DS does not contain the segment number of the data segment.

• Thus, a program with data segment will start with these two instruction

MOV AX,@DATA [name of data segment define in .DATA]

MOV DS,AX
Solve the Following

1. Write a program to print HELLO! on the screen


2. Write a program that can convert the user input
character in UPPERCASE like below
ENTER A LOWER CASE LETTER: a
IN UPPERCASE IT IS: A
References

• Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC, Ytha Yu


and Charles Marut, McGraw Hill, 1992. (ISBN: 0-07-072692-2).
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/index.htm
Books

• Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC,


Ytha Yu and Charles Marut, McGraw Hill, 1992. (ISBN: 0-07-072692-
2).

• Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, (Third


Edition), Linda Null and Julia Lobur

• W. Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for


performance”, 67h Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2003, ISBN 81 –
203 – 2962 – 7

• Computer Organization and Architecture by John P. Haynes.

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