Argumentation

ARGUMENTATION
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
•Identify key Structural Elements &

Language Features of an
Argumentative Text
•ENG10-IVA-32
???
•What is your opinion about the
implementation of LIMITED FACE TO
FACE CLASSES?
ARGUMENTATION
•Proposition serves as the point of reference of

the argumentative writer.
•It is where the writer decides whether to
express his agreement or disagreement. The
writer must gather information and/or
evidences that would support his stand.
ARGUMENTS CAN BE PRESENTED IN:
•1. ESSAY
•2. EDITORIAL
•3. LETTER TO THE EDITOR
•4. SPEECH
KEY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF
ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT
INTRODUCTION
STATEMENT OF POSITION
(EXPOSITION)
BODY
ARGUMEN
T CONCLUSION
RESTATEMENT OF POSITION
STATEMENT OF POSITION
• - Requires you to:

• 1. introduce the topic
• - provide a strong opening sentence that provokes your
readers interest or captures your readers attention.
• 2. state your position
• -to write an overview of your thesis(or argument) on
the topic and the points you will make.
AGGRESSIVE DRIVING SHOULD BE AVOIDED
• Aggressive driving is a phenomenon, which has only recently got the

public worried. The National Highway Traffic Safety (NHTSC)
defines aggressive driving as the ‘’operation of a motor vehicle in a
manner that endangers or is likely to endanger persons or property”.
Actions such as running red lights, improper passing or overtaking on
the left, improper lane change, failing to yield, improper turns,
running stop signs, tail gaiting, careless driving and speeding are
examples of aggressive driving. Such actions are dangerous to other
road users. Aggressive driving should be avoided because it causes,,
injuries, and fatalities.
ARGUMENT
•Make a number of points.

•1. Begin each paragraph with a key
statement or general statement.
•2. Then, provide supporting reasons
in the rest of the paragraphs.
• The first reason why aggressive driving should be
avoided as it causes crashes. According to NHTSC
between 78 percent(excessive speed) and 100 percent
(improper passing) of the cases of aggressive driving
resulted in traffic crashes and 96 percent of the drivers
cited for “following too closely’’ or tail gaiting
caused crashes as a result of their aggressive driving.
Moreover, “running red light “, “improper passing”,
and overtaking on the left” topped other categories of
aggressive driving contributing to traffic crashes.
• Another reason why aggressive driving should be avoided
is it causes injuries. NHTSC states that the percentage of
the injuries caused by aggressive driving are, in almost all
categories of aggressive driving, above 100 percent.
Furthermore, the Department of of Highway Safety
reports that this is due to the fact that each motor vehicle
crash accounts for one or more injuries. It was found that
of the ten categories f aggressive driving ,’’running red
light, ‘’failing to yield’’, and ‘’running stop signs’’ are the
most serious factors contributing to injuries.
RESTATEMENT OF POSITION
•1. Sum up the argument

•2. make a statement about what you see as a
solution to the problem.
•3. make a statement about what might
happen if the situation is not resolved.
•4. call to action.
•The above evidence shows that aggressive
driving causes crashes, injuries and fatalities.
However, aggressive during should be
divided, Since the opening of the North-South
Highway, the number of kilometers of vehicle
miles driven has increased by 35 percent.
More cars and more drivers are also on the
road, leading to more aggressive drivers.
LANGUAGE FEATURES OF
ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT
• 1. Modals
• 2.Adverbs
• 3. Evaluative language
• 4. Transitions
• 5. Declarative Statements
• 6. Rhetorical Questions
• 7. Passive Constructions
MODALS
• The use of modal verbs like should and must to express suggestion
and obligation, respectively contributes to the achievement of
sentences that provide support to the main argument.
• Sentence 1:
• The public should consider wearing face shields as additional
protection against Covid-19 infection.
• Sentence 2:
• Every Filipino must conserve water, energy, and other natural
resources.
ADVERBS
• Contribute to the attainment of the author’s purpose for

writing.
• Help indicate the mood or attitude of the writer with respect
to the ideas being presented.
• ALWAYS I USUALLY I NEVER I PROBABLY I NECESSARILY I

ACTUALLY I
• CERTAINLY I DEFINITELY I ESSENTIALLY I POSSIBLY I
• Sentence 1:
• People should always wash their hands before
eating.
• Sentence 2:
• You will never graduate if you not study hard.
EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE
-ADJECTIVES
-reflects the writer’s attitude towards a certain idea.
-those words express feelings , opinions, or
judgments on what they are describing.
-evaluative words can have positive and negative
effects on the idea.
AWFUL I DISGUSTING I DREADFUL
INCREDIBLE I TERRIBLE I
WONDERFUL
TRANSITIONAL DEVICE S
• - Play a great part in maintaining the smooth flow of

ideas.
• Also known as connectives, they help achieve
coherence in writing.
• BECAUSE I THEREFORE I ON THE OTHER HAND I AS A

RESULT I IN SUMMARY I MEANWHILE I IN CONTRAST I
FURTHERMORE
DECLARATIVE STATEMENT
• A Thesis Statement (is a sentence that sums up the central
point of your essay/paper)
• A thesis statement is so important as it states what you want your
readers to know, believe or understand after having read your
essay.
• The Declarative statements Are sentences that have the function
of providing certain information and are the most common type
of utterance in any language.
• Declarative sentences can be identified by the fact that they begin
with a capital letter and end with a full stop (.) Or ellipsis (...).
• They differ from other types of sentences because they do
not present commands (such as imperative statements),
do not pose direct questions (such as interrogative
statements) or seek to express surprise (such as
exclamatory statements).
RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
• A rhetorical question is a statement formed as a question

• Can be manipulative because they are designed to appear objective and open
ended but may actually lead the reader to a foreign conclusion.
• 1. It may answer itself and require no response.
• Do people want to be successful?
• 2. It may be used to provoke thought.
• What if this generation could solve hunger?
• 3. it may be used to state the obvious
• Can students try a bit harder?
4. It may have no possible answer
What if there is no answer to this problem.
PASSIVE VOICE
• Sometimes writers find using an indirect expression is rhetorically effective in a given

situation, so they choose passive voice.
• Highlights the action and what is acted upon rather than the agent performing the actions.
• ACTIVE VOICE
• -that a sentence has a subject that acts upon its verb
• -emphasizes the person or object performing the action.
• PASSIVE VOICE
• -Subject is the recipient of a verb’s action
• -emphasizes the person or object receiving the action.
ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

• The dispatcher is notifying • Police are notified that three
police that three prisoners have prisoners have escaped.
escaped.
• A new experimental liver-
• Surgeons successfully
performed a new experimental transplant operation was
liver-transplant operation performed successfully
yesterday. yesterday.

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ARGUMENTATION

•Identify key Structural Elements &

•Proposition serves as the point of reference of

• - Requires you to:

• Aggressive driving is a phenomenon, which has only recently got the

•Make a number of points.

•1. Sum up the argument

• Contribute to the attainment of the author’s purpose for

• ALWAYS I USUALLY I NEVER I PROBABLY I NECESSARILY I

• - Play a great part in maintaining the smooth flow of

• BECAUSE I THEREFORE I ON THE OTHER HAND I AS A

• A rhetorical question is a statement formed as a question

• Sometimes writers find using an indirect expression is rhetorically effective in a given

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

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