Ch 12 Automatic Identification and

Data Capture
Sections:
1. Overview of Automatic Identification Methods
2. Bar Code Technology
3. Radio Frequency Identification
4. Other AIDC Technologies

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 Automatic Identification
and Data Capture
A family of technologies that provide direct entry of data
into a computer or other microprocessor controlled
system without using a keyboard
 Reasons for using AIDC:
1. Data accuracy
2. Timeliness
3. Labor reduction

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 Alternative to AIDC: Manual Methods
of Data Collection and Entry
Problems with manual collection and data entry:
1. Human errors
 When data are collected and entered manually
2. Time factor
 Time delay between occurrence of activities and events
and entry of associated data
 Manual methods are inherently time consuming
3. Labor cost
 Cost of full-time attention of human worker

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 AIDC Applications

 Retail sales and inventory control

 Material handling
 Shipping and receiving, sortation, order picking, mail
and parcel handling
 Factory operations
 Order processing, WIP tracking, machine utilization,
worker attendance
 Other
 Patient identification in hospitals, check processing in
banks, security system
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 Components of AIDC

Nearly all AIDC technologies consist of three principal

components, which are the sequential steps in AIDC:
1. Data encoding - alphanumeric characters are translated
to machine-readable form
2. Machine reading or scanning - scanner reads the
encoded data and converts it to alternative form, usually
an electrical signal
3. Data decoding - electrical signal is transformed into digital
data and finally back into original alphanumeric
characters

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 AIDC Technologies

1. Optical
 Bar codes (linear and 2-D), optical character
recognition, machine vision
2. Electromagnetic
 Radio frequency identification (RFID)
3. Magnetic
 Data are encoded magnetically, similar to magnetic
tape (e.g., plastic credit cards, bank checks), and
magnetic ink character recognition

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 AIDC Technologies

4. Smart card
 Small plastic cards imbedded with microchips
(integrated circuits)
5. Touch techniques
 Touch screens
6. Biometric
 Voice recognition, fingerprint analysis, retinal eye
scans

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 Measures of AIDC Reading Accuracy

1. First read rate (FRR)

 Probability of a successful (correct) reading by the
scanner in its initial attempt
2. Substitution error rate (SER)
 Probability of scanner incorrectly reading the encoded
character as some other character
 In a given set of encoded data containing n
characters, the expected number of errors = SER * n

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 Bar Code Technology

 Bar codes are of two basic types:

1. Linear
 Encoded data are read using a linear sweep of the
scanner
2. Two-dimensional
 Encoded data must be read in both directions

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 Linear (One-Dimensional) Bar Codes

Two forms of linear bar codes:

1. Width-modulated
 Symbol consists of bars and spaces of varying width
 Most widely used (e.g., Universal Product Code)
2. Height-modulated
 Symbol consists of bars and spaces of varying height
 Used only by U.S. Postal Service for ZIP code
identification

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 Two Forms of Bar Codes

(a) (b)
(a) Width-modulated bar code, exemplified here by the Universal
Product Code (UPC), and
(b) (b) height-modulated bar code, exemplified by Postnet, used by
the U.S. Postal Service
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 SOS Distress Signal in
"Morse" Bar Codes
Fig. 12.2

Difficulties with the "Morse" bar codes:

(1) only the dark bars are used, thus increasing the length of the
coded symbol, and
(2) (2) the number of bars making up the alphanumeric characters
differs, making decoding more difficult
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 Reading the Bar Code

(a)

(b)

Conversion of bar code into a electrical signal pulse train :

(a) bar code and,
(b) (b) corresponding electrical signal
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 Code 39

A typical grouping of
characters to form a
bar code in Code 39.

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 USD-2
Character Set

USD-2 is a subset
of Code 39

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 Linear Bar Code Readers

Usually classified as:

1. Contact
 Hand-held wands or light pens operated by moving
the tip quickly past the bar code
2. Noncontact
 Readers focus a light beam on the bar code and a
photodetector reads the reflected signal
1. Fixed beam - stationary readers used fixed beam
2. Moving beam - light beam (lasers) traverse an
angular sweep to search for the bar code
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 Bar Code Scanner

Stationary moving beam bar code scanner located along a moving

conveyor

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 Bar-Coded Route Sheet

Bar-coded
production order
and route sheet

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 Two-Dimensional Bar Codes

 First 2-D bar code introduced in 1987

 Two basic types of 2-D bar code symbols
1. Stacked bar codes
 Consists of multiple rows of conventional bar
codes stacked on top of each other
2. Matrix symbologies
 Consists of 2-D patterns of data cells that are
usually square and are colored dark or white
 Advantage over stacked bar codes is capability to
contain more data
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 2-D Stacked Bar Code (PDF417)

Fig 12.8

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 2-D Matrix Bar Code (Data Matrix)

Fig. 12.9

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 Radio Frequency Identification

RFID uses an identification tag containing electronically

coded data that is attached to the subject item.
 The tag consists of a memory microchip and an antenna,
usually encased in a plastic container
 The tag is a transponder - a device capable of emitting
a signal of its own when it receives a signal from an
external source
 The tag communicates the encoded data by RF as
the item passes a reader and is activated by a low-
level RF magnetic field transmitted by the reader.

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 Radio Frequency Identification

 RFID represents the biggest challenge to the

predominance of bar codes
 Wal-Mart, Target, Metro AG (Germany) and U.S. DoD
have mandated their suppliers use RFID on incoming
materials
 According to a study of Wal-Mart, "RFID stores are 63
percent more effective in replenishing out-of-stock
items than traditional stores"

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 Types of RFID Tags

1. Passive tags
 Have no internal power source
 They derive their electrical power from the external
signal transmitted by the reader
 Smaller, less expensive, longer lasting
2. Active tags
 Have their own battery power packs
 Possess a larger memory capacity and longer
communication range
 Higher cost and used for higher value items
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 Industrial Applications of RFID

 Inventory management
 Supply chain management
 Tracking systems
 Warehouse control
 Location identification
 Work-in-progress

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 RFID Advantages and Disadvantages

 Advantages
 Identification does not depend on physical contact or
direct line of sight
 Much more data can be contained in the identification
tag than with most AIDC technologies
 Data in read/write tags can be altered for historical
usage purposes or to reuse the tag
 Disadvantages
 More expensive than most other AIDC technologies

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 Bar Codes vs. RFID

Comparison Bar Codes RFID

Technology Optical Radio frequency

Read-write capability Read only Read-write available
Memory capacity 14 to 16 digits (linear) 96 to 256 digits
Line-of-sight reading Required Not required
Reusability One-time use Reusable
Cost Very low cost per label Approx 10X cost of bar
code
Durability Susceptible to dirt Mode durable in plant
and scratches environment

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 Other AIDC Technologies

 Magnetic stripes
 Used for credit cards and money access cards
 More expensive than bar codes
 Must contact scanner to obtain a reading
 Optical character recognition (OCR)
 Can be read by humans and machine readers
 Low first read rate
 Machine vision
 Principal application is inspection
 Used with 2-D optical symbols
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