DC NETWORK LAWS & THEOREMS
Learning Contents:
Maximum Power Transfer
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Thevenin’s Theorem
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Norton’s Theorem
Maxwell’s Nodal Analysis
Past Board Exam Problems
Maxwell’s Mesh Analysis
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KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
(i) Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): The
algebraic sum of the currents at any junction
or node of an electric circuit is zero.
I entering + I leaving =0
How to use KCL to analyze a circuit:
The node equation
1. Write KCL equations for the currents. can be written as:
2. Use Ohm’s law to write currents in
terms of node voltages 𝑖1+ 𝑖3 − 𝑖2 − 𝑖4 =0
3. Solve to find the values of node
voltage and current.
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KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Example: Find the current through a 20Ω
resistance, and current through a 40Ω resistance.
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KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
(ii) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): The
algebraic sum of all voltage around the
closed loop must be always zero.
V sources + V drops =0
How to use KVL to analyze a circuit:
1. Write KVL equations for the voltages.
2. Use Ohm’s law to write voltages in terms of resistances and currents.
3. Solve to find the values of currents and then voltages.
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KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Example: Find the current i and voltage v over the each resistor.
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Nodal analysis is a method that provides a general procedure for
analyzing circuits using node voltages as the circuit variables. Nodal
Analysis is also called the Node-Voltage Method.
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Basic Steps Used in Nodal Analysis:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages V1,
V2… Vn-1 to the remaining nodes. The voltages are referenced
with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the non reference nodes.
3. Use Ohm’s Law to express the branch currents in terms of
node voltages.
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Example: Determine the current flowing through the 15 ohm resistor.
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MESH ANALYSIS
Mesh Current Analysis is a technique used to find the currents
circulating around a loop or mesh with in any closed path of a
circuit.
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MESH ANALYSIS
Basic Steps Used in Mesh Analysis:
1. Identify the meshes.
2. Assign a current variable to each mesh, using a consistent
direction (clockwise or counterclockwise).
3. Write Kirchhoff's Voltage Law around each mesh. ...
4. Solve the resulting system of equations for all loop
currents.
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MESH ANALYSIS
Example: Determine the voltage drops in each resistors.
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THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Thevenin’s theorem is an analytical method used to change a
complex circuit into a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a
single resistance in series with a source voltage
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THEVENIN’S THEOREM
The basic procedure for solving a circuit using Thevenin’s
Theorem is as follows:
1. Remove the load resistor RL or component concerned.
2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open
circuiting all the current sources.
3. Find VS by the usual circuit analysis methods.
4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor RL.
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THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Example: Find the current across the 40-ohm resistor.
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THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step 1: Remove the load resistor and find Rs by shorting all
voltage sources or by opening circuiting all the current sources
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THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step 2: Find the equivalent voltage (Vs)
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NORTON’S THEOREM
Norton’s Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several
energy sources and resistances can be replaced by a single Constant
Current generator in parallel with a Single Resistor“.
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NORTON’S THEOREM
The basic procedure for solving a circuit using Norton’s
Theorem is as follows:
1. Remove the load resistor RL or component
concerned.
2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open
circuiting all the current sources.
3. Find IS by placing a shorting link on the output
terminals A and B.
4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor RL.
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NORTON’S THEOREM
Example: Using Norton’s Theorem, find the current across
the 40-ohm resistor.
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NORTON’S THEOREM
Step 1: Remove the load resistor and find Rs by shorting all
voltage sources or by opening circuiting all the current sources
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NORTON’S THEOREM
Step 2: Find the short-circuit current Isc.
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NORTON’S THEOREM
Step 3: Find the current in the load.
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MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
Maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum
external power from a source with a finite internal resistance, the
resistance of the load must equal the resistance of the source as
viewed from its output terminals.
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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
1. A 12-v battery of 0.05 ohm resistance and another battery of 12 V
and 0.075 ohm resistance supply power to a 2-ohm resistor. What is
the current through the load?
A. 5.85 A
B. 5.63 A
C. 5.72 A
D. 5.91 A
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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
2. Ten cells each of emf 1.5 volts and internal resistance of 0.2 ohm are
joined in parallel and connected to an external circuit resistance of 3
ohms. What is the current through the load?
A. 0.45 A
B. 0.65 A
C. 0.50 A
D. 0.48 A
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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
3. A resistance R is connected across two batteries A and B connected
in parallel. The open circuit emfs and internal resistances of the
batteries are 12 V, 2 ohms and 8 V, 1 ohm, respectively. Determine the
ohmic value of R if the power absorbed by R is 7.656 watts.
A. 10 ohms
B. 12 ohms
C. 9 ohms
D. 8 ohms
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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
4. A charger, a battery and a load are connected in parallel. The voltage
across the charger is 12.5 volts and the battery has an emf of 12 volts
and internal resistance of 0.1 ohm. The load consists of a 2 ohms
resistor. Find the current through the load.
A. 6.61 A
B. 6.25 A
C. 6.42 A
D. 6.50 A
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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
5. A lead storage battery is rated at 12 volts. If the internal resistance is
0.01 ohm, what is the maximum power that can be delivered to the load?
A. 1200 W
B. 3600 W
C. 7200 W
D. 1800 W
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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
6. A 120-V battery having an internal resistance of 0.5 ohm, is connected
through a line resistance of 9.5 ohms to a variable load resistor. What
maximum power will the battery deliver to the load resistor?
A. 36 watts
B. 63 watts
C. 630 watts
D. 360 watts
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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
7. A variable resistor R is connected in parallel with a fixed resistor of 1.25
ohms. The combination is then connected across a 12 V battery with
internal resistance 0.25 ohm. Solve for the maximum power that can be
delivered to resistor R.
A. 130.20 watts
B. 115.52 watts
C. 120.21 watts
D. 142.42 watts
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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
8. Two equal resistances are connected in parallel across a 150 V DC source.
What potential difference exists between the midpoint of one resistance and
a point that is one-third from either end of the other resistance.
A. 24 V
B. 28 V
C. 25 V
D. 30 V
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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
9. Determine the nodal voltages v1 and v2 for the circuit below.
Ans: v1 = -145/8 V, v2 = 5/2 V
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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
10. Using mesh analysis, determine i1 and i2 in the circuit below.
Ans: 184.2 mA, -157.9 mA
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OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Kirchhoff’s current law is applicable to only
A. closed loops in a network
B. electronic circuits
C. junctions in a network
D. electric circuits
Answer: C
2. Kirchhoff’s voltage law is concerned with
A. IR drops
B. battery emfs
C. junction voltages
D. both A and B
Answer: D
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OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
3. According to KVL, the algebraic sum of all IR drops and emfs in any
closed loop of a network is always
A. zero
B. positive
C. negative
D. determined by battery emfs
Answer: A
4. The algebraic sign of an IR drop is primarily dependent upon the
A. amount of current flowing through it
B. value of R
C. direction of current flow
D. battery connection
Answer: C
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OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
5. Maxwell’s loop current method of solving electrical networks
A. uses branch currents
B. utilizes Kirchhoff’s voltage law
C. Is confined to single-loop circuits
D. Is a network reduction method
Answer: B
6. Point out the wrong statement. In the node-voltage technique of
solving networks, choice of a reference node does not
A. affect the operation of the circuit
B. change the voltage across any element
C. alter the pd between any pair of nodes
D. affect the voltages of various nodes
Answer: D
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OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
7. In KCL, which terminal of a resistance element is assumed to be at a
higher potential (more positive) than the other?
A. the terminal where the current exits the resistance elements
B. the terminal where the current enters the resistance elements
C. either A or B can be arbitrarily selected
D. the terminal closest to the node being analyzed
Answer: B
8. According to KCL, what is the algebraic sum of all currents entering
and exiting a node?
A. zero
B. a negative value
C. the algebraic sum of all currents
D. a positive value
Answer: A
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OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
9. What is a node?
A. A terminal for a loop current
B. A connection point between two or more conductors
C. A formula
D. A mathematical fiction
Answer: B
10. How many nodes are needed to completely analyze a circuit
according to Kirchhoff’s current law?
A. One
B. Two
C. One less than the total number of nodes in the circuit
D. All nodes in the circuit
Answer: D
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OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
11. In the Norton’s equivalent circuit, the source is a
A. Constant voltage source
B. Constant current source
C. Constant voltage, constant current
D. None of these
Answer: B
12. The superposition theorem requires as many circuits to be solved
as there are
A. Meshes
B. Source
C. Nodes
D. All of the above
Answer: B
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OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
13. The superposition theorem is used when the circuit contains
A. A single voltage source
B. A number of passive source
C. Passive elements only
D. None of the above
Answer: B
14. Norton’s Theorem is ____ Thevenin’s theorem.
A. The same as
B. Converse of
C. Equal to
D. None of the above
Answer: B
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OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
15. Under the conditions of maximum power transfer, the efficiency is
A. 75 %
B. 100 %
C. 50 %
D. 25 %
Answer: C
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THANK YOU FOR NOT SLEEPING !!!
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