Chapter 7:

SQL, the Structured

Query Language
By: Atnafu L.

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 Overview

Introduction
DDL Commands
DML Commands
SQL Statements, Operators, Clauses
Aggregate Functions

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Structured Query Language (SQL)

The ANSI standard language for the definition

and manipulation of relational database.

Includes data definition language (DDL),

statements that specify and modify database
schemas.

Includes a data manipulation language (DML),

statements that manipulate database content.

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 Some Facts on SQL

SQL data is case-sensitive, SQL commands are not.

First Version was developed at IBM by Donald D.

Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce. [SQL]

Developed using Dr. E.F. Codd's paper, “A Relational

Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks.”

SQL query includes references to tuples variables

and the attributes of those variables

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 SQL: DDL Commands
CREATE TABLE: used to create a table.

ALTER TABLE: modifies a table after it was created.

DROP TABLE: removes a table from a database.

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 SQL: CREATE TABLE Statement
Things to consider before you create your table are:
The type of data
the table name
what column(s) will make up the primary key
the names of the columns
CREATE TABLE statement syntax:
CREATE TABLE <table name>
( field1 datatype ( NOT NULL ),
field2 datatype ( NOT NULL )
);

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 SQL: Attributes Types

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Table
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 SQL: ALTER TABLE Statement
To add or drop columns on existing tables.
ALTER TABLE statement syntax:
ALTER TABLE <table name>
ADD attr datatype;
or
DROP COLUMN attr;

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 SQL: DROP TABLE Statement
Has two options:
CASCADE: Specifies that any foreign key constraint
violations that are caused by dropping the table will
cause the corresponding rows of the related table to
be deleted.

RESTRICT: blocks the deletion of the table of any

foreign key constraint violations would be created.

DROP TABLE statement syntax:

DROP TABLE <table name> [ RESTRICT|CASCADE ];

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Example:
CREATE TABLE FoodCart (
date varchar(10),
food varchar(20), FoodCart
profit float
date food profit
);

ALTER TABLE FoodCart ( FoodCart

ADD sold int
); date food profit sold

ALTER TABLE FoodCart( FoodCart

DROP COLUMN profit date food sold
);

DROP TABLE FoodCart;

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 SQL: DML Commands
INSERT: adds new rows to a table.

UPDATE: modifies one or more attributes.

DELETE: deletes one or more rows from a table.

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 SQL: INSERT Statement
To insert a row into a table, it is necessary to
have a value for each attribute, and order matters.
INSERT statement syntax:
INSERT into <table name>
VALUES ('value1', 'value2', NULL);
Example: INSERT into FoodCart
VALUES (’02/26/08', ‘pizza', 70 );

FoodCart
date food sold
date food sold 02/25/08 pizza 350
02/25/08 pizza 350 02/26/08 hotdog 500
02/26/08
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hotdog 500Ch-7,SQL.......by 02/26/08
Atnafu
pizza 70 12
 SQL: UPDATE Statement
To update the content of the table:
UPDATE statement syntax:
UPDATE <table name> SET <attr> = <value>
WHERE <selection condition>;
Example: UPDATE FoodCart SET sold = 349
WHERE date = ’02/25/08’ AND food = ‘pizza’;
FoodCart

date food sold date food sold

02/25/08 pizza 350 02/25/08 pizza 349
02/26/08 hotdog 500 02/26/08 hotdog 500
02/26/08 pizza 70 02/26/08 pizza 70
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 SQL: DELETE Statement

To delete rows from the table:

DELETE statement syntax:
DELETE FROM <table name>
WHERE <condition>;
Example: DELETE FROM FoodCart
WHERE food = ‘hotdog’;
FoodCart

date food sold date food sold

02/25/08 pizza 349 02/25/08 pizza 349
02/26/08 hotdog 500 02/26/08 pizza 70
02/26/08 pizza 70
Note: If the WHERE clause is omitted
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Ch-7,SQL.......by of data are deleted from the table.
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SQL Statements, Operations, Clauses

SQL Statements:
Select
SQL Operations:
Join
Left Join
Right Join
Like
SQL Clauses:
Order By
Group By
Having
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 SQL: SELECT Statement

A basic SELECT statement includes 3 clauses

SELECT <attribute name> FROM <tables> WHERE <condition>

SELECT FROM WHERE

Specifies the Specifies the Specifies the

attributes that are tables that serve selection condition,
part of the as the input to the including the join
resulting relation statement condition.

Note: that you don't need to use WHERE

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 SQL: SELECT Statement (cont.)

Using a “*” in a select statement indicates that

every attribute of the input table is to be
selected.
Example: SELECT * FROM … WHERE …;

To get unique rows, type the keyword

DISTINCT after SELECT.
Example: SELECT DISTINCT * FROM …
WHERE …;

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 Example: 1) SELECT *
Person FROM person
Name Age Weight WHERE age > 30;
Harry 34 80 Name Age Weight
Sally 28 64 Harry 34 80
George 29 70 Helena 54 54
Helena 54 54 Peter 34 80
Peter 34 80

3) SELECT distinct weight

2) SELECT weight
FROM person FROM person
WHERE age > 30; WHERE age > 30;
Weight Weight
80 80
54 54

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 SQL: Join operation
A join can be specified in the FROM clause
which list the two input relations and the
WHERE clause which lists the join condition.
Example:

Emp Dept
ID State ID Division
1000 CA 1001 IT
1001 MA 1002 Sales
1002 TN 1003 Biotech
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 SQL: Join operation (cont.)
inner join = join
SELECT *
FROM emp join dept (or FROM emp, dept)
on emp.id = dept.id;

Emp.ID Emp.State Dept.ID Dept.Division

1001 MA 1001 IT
1002 TN 1002 Sales

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 SQL: Join operation (cont.)
left outer join = left join
SELECT *
FROM emp left join dept
on emp.id = dept.id;

Emp.ID Emp.State Dept.ID Dept.Division

1000 CA null null
1001 MA 1001 IT
1002 TN 1002 Sales

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 SQL: Join operation (cont.)
right outer join = right join
SELECT *
FROM emp right join dept
on emp.id = dept.id;

Emp.ID Emp.State Dept.ID Dept.Division

1001 MA 1001 IT
1002 TN 1002 Sales
null null 1003 Biotech

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 SQL: Like operation
Pattern matching selection
% (arbitrary string)
SELECT *
FROM emp
WHERE ID like ‘%01’;
 finds ID that ends with 01, e.g. 1001, 2001, etc
_ (a single character)
SELECT *
FROM emp
WHERE ID like ‘_01_’;
 finds ID that has the second and third character
as 01, e.g. 1010, 1011,Ch-7,SQL.......by
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SQL: The ORDER BY Clause

Ordered result selection

desc (descending order)
SELECT *
FROM emp
order by state desc
 puts state in descending order, e.g. TN, MA, CA
asc (ascending order)
SELECT *
FROM emp
order by id asc
 puts ID in ascending order, e.g. 1001, 1002, 1003
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SQL: The GROUP BY Clause
The function to divide the tuples into groups and returns
an aggregate for each group.
Usually, it is an aggregate function’s companion
SELECT food, sum(sold) as totalSold
FROM FoodCart
group by food;
FoodCart

date food sold food totalSold

02/25/08 pizza 349 hotdog 500
02/26/08 hotdog 500 pizza 419
02/26/08
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pizza 70
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SQL: The HAVING Clause
The substitute of WHERE for aggregate functions
Usually, it is an aggregate function’s companion
SELECT food, sum(sold) as totalSold
FROM FoodCart
group by food
having sum(sold) > 450;
FoodCart

date food sold food totalSold

02/25/08 pizza 349 hotdog 500
02/26/08 hotdog 500
02/26/08
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pizza 70 Atnafu
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SQL: Aggregate Functions
Are used to provide summarization information for
SQL statements, which return a single value.

COUNT(attr)
SUM(attr)
MAX(attr)
MIN(attr)
AVG(attr)

Note: when using aggregate functions, NULL values

are not considered, except in COUNT(*) .

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 SQL: Aggregate Functions (cont.)
FoodCart

date food sold

02/25/08 pizza 349
02/26/08 hotdog 500
02/26/08 pizza 70
COUNT(attr) -> return # of rows that are not null
Ex: COUNT(distinct food) from FoodCart; -> 2

SUM(attr) -> return the sum of values in the attr

Ex: SUM(sold) from FoodCart; -> 919

MAX(attr) -> return the highest value from the attr

Ex: MAX(sold) from FoodCart;
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-> 500
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 SQL: Aggregate Functions (cont.)
FoodCart

date food sold

02/25/08 pizza 349
02/26/08 hotdog 500
02/26/08 pizza 70
MIN(attr) -> return the lowest value from the attr
Ex: MIN(sold) from FoodCart; -> 70

AVG(attr) -> return the average value from the attr

Ex: AVG(sold) from FoodCart; -> 306.33
Note: value is rounded to the precision of the datatype

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 Thank You for your Great
Participation

This is end of the chapter and also end

of the class
Please be free to give any comment

regarding to the class as well as the

course
Thanks one again

Have nice exam

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